Changes in water status in seedlings of six species in the Fagaceae after inoculation with Raffaelea quercivora Kubono et Shin-Ito

To clarify the differences in susceptibility of six species in the Fagaceae (Quercus crispula, Quercus serrata, Quercus acutissima, Quercus phillyraeoides, Quercus glauca, and Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii) to Raffaelea quercivora, we inoculated this fungus on seven potted 5-year-old seedlings of each species, observed symptom development, and measured xylem pressure potential (XPP) after inoculation. The first death was observed on the 11th day in Q. crispula and on the 56th day in Q. serrata. The number of dead seedlings of Q. crispula and Q. serrata were five and one, respectively, whereas no mortality was observed in the other four species. The XPP of inoculated seedlings in both Q. crispula and Q. serrata decreased after inoculation. In contrast, the XPP of inoculated seedlings of the other four species remained almost the same as in the control seedlings. These results indicate that R. quercivora is pathogenic to Q. crispula and Q. serrata and that the susceptibility of the six Fagaceae species in our study differed among species.     

潍县萝卜肉质根木质部与韧皮部叶绿素含量的相关分析

对不同来源的42份潍县萝卜肉质根进行叶绿素和可溶性固形物含量的测定,并分析各因素间的相关关系。结果表明：潍县萝卜肉质根木质部叶绿素a含量和叶绿素b含量呈极显著正相关（r=0.873）,而韧皮部中两者却无相关性|韧皮部叶绿素a和总叶绿素含量都与木质部叶绿素a、叶绿素b及总叶绿素含量呈极显著正相关,在无损检测时可以通过韧皮部的色素信息粗略估计肉色的深浅。韧皮部总叶绿素含量及叶绿素b含量与木质部可溶性固形物含量呈显著正相关,即皮色深绿的萝卜一般甜度较高。     

Maturation property of fast-growing hardwood plantation species: A view of fiber length

The development of human civilization has caused many problems, among them increases in atmospheric CO₂ and shortage of fossil fuel resources. Fast-growing tree species can help solve these problems. Short rotations cause concern that fast-growing species contain a high proportion of juvenile wood, thus limiting their use. To use fast-growing species for timber, this concern must be addressed.     

胡杨茎木质部解剖结构与水力特性对干旱胁迫处理的响应

分析干旱胁迫下胡杨(Populus euphratica Oliv.)茎木质部解剖结构与水力特性的变化对解读其抗逆性机理具有重要意义.本文采用水分控制试验,分析胡杨幼株茎木质部解剖结构和水力特性对不同土壤干旱胁迫处理的响应.结果表明:在解剖结构方面,随着干旱胁迫的加剧,胡杨茎木质部导管密度呈极显著减小(P＜0.01)趋势,而导管内径、导管壁厚度、管壁机械强度呈极显著增大(P＜0.01)趋势,穿孔直径和纹孔直径显著增大(P＜0.05);但导管分子形态却没有发生显著变化,都具有孔纹式和螺纹式两种类型,其中纹孔多为具缘纹孔,呈互列式排列,端壁穿孔为单穿孔类型,并具有螺纹加厚现象;在水力特性方面,随着干旱胁迫的加剧,胡杨茎的木质部比导率(Ks)和自然栓塞程度(PLC)呈显著增加趋势(P＜0.05).为了适应干旱的环境,胡杨茎木质部结构和水力特性发生相应的变化,一定程度上弥补了干旱胁迫所带来的不利影响.     

毛白杨枝条木质部细胞分化的动态变化及其与形成层活动的相互关系

应用定量解剖学和显微图像分析技术 ,得到了毛白杨枝条形成层细胞与其衍生木质部细胞解剖特征在形成层活动期内的变化情况 ,并探讨了两者之间的关系。采用X射线微密度测定技术 ,了解了同一生长轮内木材密度沿径向方向上的变异 ,讨论了其与木质部细胞解剖特征之间的关系。结果表明 ,形成层纺锤形细胞的径向和弦向宽度在活动期不同阶段差异不显著 ,而纤维长度、纤维宽度、壁腔比、微纤丝角、导管分布频率和胞壁率差异极显著 ;导管组织比量差异显著 ;导管分子长度、纤维比量和射线比量差异不显著。同一生长轮内木材密度的径向变异与活动期不同阶段形成的木质部细胞数量及其解剖特征直接相关。形成层带细胞层数与纤维长度、纤维长宽比和壁腔比呈极显著负相关 ,与纤维宽度呈显著正相关 ;形成层纺锤形细胞的径向宽度与纤维长度、纤维长宽比和射线比量呈显著负相关 ;形成层纺锤形细胞的弦向宽度与纤维宽度呈显著正相关。总体看来 ,在整个形成层活动期 ,形成层纺锤形细胞与木纤维的解剖特征之间随时间变化的相关性较好 ,而与导管分子的相关关系则不明显     

Morphological changes in the cytoskeleton, nuclei, and vacuoles during cell death of short-lived ray tracheids in the conifer Pinus densiflora

Morphological changes in the cytoskeleton, nuclei, and vacuoles were monitored during the cell death of short-lived ray tracheids in the conifer Pinus densiflora. After formation of the dentate thickenings that occurred at the final stage of formation of cell walls, organelles started to disappear in differentiating ray tracheids. First, the microtubules and vacuoles disappeared. Then actin filaments disappeared in the differentiating ray tracheids adjacent to ray tracheids that lacked nuclei, and, finally, the nuclei disappeared. These features indicate that cell death in ray tracheids might differ from the programmed cell death of tracheary elements that has been studied in vitro in the Zinnia culture system. This study was presented at the 57th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, August 8–10, 2007, Hiroshima, Japan     

玉米自交系木质部伤流液中氮素形态差异及其与氮效率的关系

研究了苗期玉米木质部伤流液中的氨基酸/硝态氮水平变异及其与田间产量的相互关系。在两个氮水平下,10个玉米自交系的田间产量变异分别达53.80%（不施氮）和59.89%(高氮),盆栽条件下苗期生物量变异为23.82%(不施氮)和26.37%(高氮),苗期生物量与田间产量间相关不显著。苗期木质部伤流液中不同形态氮的含量变化较大,低、高氮水平下,氨基酸浓度的变异系数分别为100.80%和60.45%,硝态氮分别为43.33%和16.82%,氨基酸/硝态氮的变异系数分别为118.39%和54.91%。在低氮条件下,伤流液中的氨基酸浓度、氨基酸/硝态氮与田间产量的相关达到极显著,这可能与氮在根中的还原及地上与地下部氮循环有密切关系,有可能作为低氮条件下氮高效品种筛选的指标之一。     

木质部汁液pH调控蒸腾速率的信号作用

采用压力室加压收集番茄木质部汁液,并测定和调节木质部汁液pH及叶片蒸腾速率变化的结果显示,对比原汁液,用KOH溶液调高pH(0.6~1.4)的蒸腾速率平均降幅大于14%;用盐酸调低pH(0.6~1.0)的蒸腾速率平均下降7%以上;用柠檬酸溶液调低pH(0.7~1.2)的蒸腾速率基本不变;用KOH溶液调高pH且加盐酸使pH复原后的蒸腾速率未见恢复。这表明汁液pH升高抑制蒸腾的效果可能被伴随的离子浓度变化对蒸腾的效果所抵消。     

Phenotyping vigour control capacity of new peach rootstocks by xylem vessel analysis

In peach, xylem anatomical characteristics have been shown to be related to vigour of selected rootstocks. The goal of this research was to determine if xylem characteristics of a new set of rootstocks that exhibit a range of size-controlling potential and have a different genetic background from previously examined material would also exhibit similar differences in xylem characteristics. If so, then anatomical analysis of xylem may be a useful means of predicting the vigour control capacity of selected peach rootstock genotypes. Samples of xylem tissue were taken from roots, trunks and shoots of four new rootstocks that were derived from a genetic cross between ‘Harrow Blood’ and ‘Okinawa’ peaches and compared with tissue from ‘Nemaguard’, a vigorous control. Xylem samples were sectioned and analysed by optical microscope. The number and dimensions of vessels in recently developed xylem of each rootstock were measured and compared. The more dwarfing rootstocks had fewer large vessels and more small vessels than the more vigorous rootstocks. Weighted mean vessel diameter (Wm) and calculated hydraulic conductance (K_h) differed among rootstocks: more vigorous rootstocks had higher K_h and Wm than dwarfing rootstocks. Rootstock xylem vessel dimensions varied in relation to the vigour they imparted to a common scion cultivar (‘O’Henry’). After the ‘Nemaguard’ control, ‘HBOK 50’ was the most vigorous rootstock followed by ‘HBOK 10’, ‘HBOK 32’ and ‘HBOK 27’, respectively. Thus, as was seen in previous research with a separate set of rootstocks, the vigour-control capacity of this new series of peach rootstocks was strongly related to their xylem hydraulic characteristics and it appears likely that it would be possible to use xylem anatomical characteristics of shoots or roots of young trees to pre-select for size-controlling potential in a rootstock development program.     

Drought-Induced Changes in Xylem Sap pH,ABA and Stomatal Conductance

Upstream signals potentially regulating evaporation and stomatal conductance were investigated using 6-8-leaf-old maize(Zea may L.)seedlings which were grown in a greenhouse.Pressure chamber was used to measure leaf water potential and to collect xylem sap.The pH of xylem sap in stems was higher than that in root,and the abscisic acid(ABA)concentration in stems was the highest in well-watered seedlings.The ABA concentration and pH of xylem sap in roots,stems and leaves increased,and the ABA concentration in leaves reached the maximum during drought stress.The treatment of roots with exogenous ABA solution(100 μmol L-1)increased xylem sap ABA concentration in all organs measured,and induced stomatal closure,but did not change ABA distribution among organs of maize seedlings.The combined effects of external pH buffer on pH,ABA of xylem sap and stomatal behavior indicated that pH,as a root-source signal to leaves under drought stress,regulated stomatal closure through accumulating ABA in leaves or guard cells.