Genetic similarities among Spanisch populations of Agropyron, Elymus and Thinopyrum, using PCR-based markers

Arbitrary oligonucleotides were used as primers to amplifygenomic DNA of 48 wild Spanish populations of Agropyroncristatum, Elymus hispanicus,E. caninus,E. repens,Thinopyrum curvifolium, Th.junceum and Th.intermedium. Genetic diversity was analysedusing nineteen primers. The number of amplified products ranged from8 to 18 per primer and a total of 240 markers were scored. Differentlevels of intraspecific genetic diversity were found, the allogamousspecies E. repens andTh. intermedium being themost variable. Jaccard's similarity coefficients for internalmeasure within and between populations were used to produce a clusterdiagram. The results demonstrate differences in the degree ofsimilarity between taxonomic units. Interpopulational variability andinterspecific genomic relationships of these species arediscussed.     

黄淮海农业区旱地土壤有机碳变异性的空间尺度效应

土壤有机碳(SOC)具有空间变异性,其变异程度依赖于空间尺度,多尺度研究SOC变异性特征及其对空间尺度拓展的响应对精确估算土壤碳储量具有重要意义.本研究以黄淮海农业区为研究区域,利用全国第二次土壤普查资料记录的1 875个土壤剖面,设定4级行政区尺度,即大区、省级、市级和县级,研究了不同土壤深度(0～ 20、20 ～ 30、30 ～ 50、50 ～ 70和70 ～ 100 cm)有机碳含量的变异性特征及其对行政区尺度拓展的响应.研究结果表明:黄淮海农业区SOC含量变异系数均值随着行政区尺度的增大和土壤深度的增加而增大,范围为县级尺度0～20 cm表层的33.68％到大区尺度70～ 100 cm底层的81.02％;两行政区尺度间的跨度越大,其变异度越大,尺度间变异度呈明显的阶梯状,表现为3个尺度等级(大区-县级)＞2个尺度等级(省级-县级和大区-市级)＞1个尺度等级(省级-市级,市级-县级和大区-省级);SOC含量变异系数均值与行政区面积为显著对数关系y=a+b×ln(x),随着土壤深度的增加,SOC变异性对尺度的响应也越快.实际采样过程中,研究区域越大,采样深度越深,所需要的采样点数目越多.     

Soil moisture variability along transects over a well-developed gully in the Loess Plateau,China

Knowledge of soil moisture distributions in gullies, which are highly variable spatially and temporally, is important for both restoring vegetation and controlling erosion in them, but little attention has been paid to this spatio-temporal variability to date. Therefore, we examined soil moisture profiles and their variability along three transects traversing sidewalls of a well-developed gully with steep slopes in a hilly area of the Chinese Loess Plateau. We took intensive measurements at 20-cm intervals from 0 to 160 cm depth, using a portable time domain reflectometer, from September 3 to October 20 2009 and from April 5 to July 20 2010. The results indicate that the mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variation of moisture content vary with time, their responses to precipitation vary at different depths, and moisture content is most variable when mean values are moderate (15–20%). Revised fitting functions developed and introduced by Famiglietti et al. (2008) captured with confidence the relationship between spatial variability (SD and CV) and spatial mean of moisture content (RMSE ranging from 0.0015 to 0.0293). Soil moisture clearly varied along the transects, the vertical distribution of soil moisture differed in different seasons, and correlation analysis showed that soil texture influenced the variability of surface soil moisture more strongly than terrain attributes (except during distinct rainfall events, when this pattern reversed). The results presented here should improve understanding of spatio-temporal variations in soil moisture profiles in well-developed gullies in the Loess Plateau, and potentially elsewhere.     

Assessing the implications of variability in the digestible protein and energy value of lupin kernel meals when fed to rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

A series of studies were designed to examine the degree of variability in the digestibility of protein and energy from lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) kernel meals when fed to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and the potential implications of this variability. The digestibility of protein and energy from 10 different varieties of lupin kernel meal was assessed where the test ingredient comprised 30% of each test diet. Digesta was collected using faecal stripping techniques. Digestible protein value ranged from 331 to 508 g/kg DM and digestible energy values ranged from 10.6 to 13.3 MJ/kg DM. To examine the implications of variability in digestible protein and energy value, two lupin kernel meals from the extremes of the protein digestibility range (Lupin-1: AD_N ~ 70% and Lupin-2: AD_N ~ 100%) were chosen for assessment in two growth studies. Soybean meal and a reference diet with fishmeal as the only protein source were also included in the study. In the first growth experiment the test ingredients were included at equal concentrations (40%) in protein-limiting diets (350 g protein/kg DM) and fed at either of two ration levels (restricted and satiety). Diets were formulated on a crude basis so as to place the test variable on the variability in digestible protein value of the diets. In the restricted-fed treatments growth of fish fed the reference diet was highest, but not significantly better than lupin-H. Growth of fish fed the lupin-L diet was significantly poorer than both the reference and lupin-H diets, but not poorer than the soybean diet. The growth responses observed from this experiment clearly showed that the differences in feed intake and/or digestible protein value could be demonstrated in terms of significant differences in growth outcomes. In a second growth study high-nutrient dense extruded diets (400 g protein/kg and 23.5 MJ/kg) were prepared with a more practical level of 25% inclusion of the same test materials. Again the diets were formulated on crude basis so as to place the test variable on the variability in digestible protein and energy value of the diets. Growth of fish restrictively fed the lupin-H diet was highest, but not significantly better than the soybean, reference or lupin-L treatments restrictively fed. Growth of fish satietal fed the soybean diet was significantly poorer than the reference and lupin-H diets, but not compared to the lupin-L diet. The growth responses observed from this experiment showed that the differences in digestible protein and energy value could not be demonstrated in terms of significant differences in growth outcomes, and that feed intake variability and excess nutrient supply masked the effect of this variability; particularly at the satietal feed intake levels.     

Genetic variability,heritability and genetic advance in linseed (Linum usitatissimum L) genotypes for seed yield and other agronomic traits

The experiment was conducted using simple lattice design with two replication and the trails was totally consisted fifty six genotypes. Data on seed yield and other Agronomic traits were used to estimate the genetic variability parameters, heritability and genetic advance (GA). Analysis of variance revealed highly significant and significant difference for all studied traits. Evaluated characters were exhibited different levels of variability, heritability and genetic advance among the studied genotypes. Low to high phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) and genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) were recorded. The highest GCV and PVC values were found particularly for lodging percent (76.65% and 90.63%), harvest index (42.26% and 47.92%) yield per hectare (41.23% and 48.19%) and number of capsule per branch (30.81% and 37.25%) respectively, whereas low GCV and PCV (8.27% and 9.73% respectively) manifested for days to maturate. The highest broad sense heritability value manifested for harvest index (77.78%) followed by seed yield per hectare (73.21%), while lowest heritability (3.78%) revealed only for seed per capsule. In present study low to moderate genetic advance were manifested and high heritability and genetic advance as percentage of mean (>50) was recorded for lodging percentage, number of capsule per branch, seed yield per hectare and harvest index, indicating predominance of additive gene action for these characters. Therefore the result of this study suggests existence of variability for seed yield and other agronomic traits in these linseed genotypes, which should be exploited in future breeding.     

麻疯树单粒种子大小变异性研究

有关种子大小的研究很多,但对单粒种子大小变异性表述问题还未涉及。本文研究了麻疯树单粒种子大小数量特征、频度或变异性的表示问题,以及数量特征或变异性的检验问题。结果表明:1)2008年攀枝花市麻疯树种子单粒重偏小,平均值为0.46 g,主要集中在0.4 g~0.7 g之间,且样本之间变异性稍大;2)通过平均值和标准差来计算的整齐度可作为种子大小变异性的间接度量指标;3)数量特征或分布频度之间可通过相关性分析来检验显著性;4)种子频度偏态分布与生物与非生物环境诸多因素有关;5)性状获取时野外资料收集方法需要考虑时间和空间因素。     

Endemic type of animal trypanosomiasis is not associated with lower genotype variability of Trypanosoma congolense isolates circulating in livestock

In order to verify whether the low impact on livestock production in endemic areas is related to a low number of trypanosome strains circulating in livestock, 37 Trypanosoma congolense isolates collected from cattle in 11 sites in an endemic trypanosomiasis area in Eastern Zambia were characterised for genotype variability using a modified amplified fragment length polymorphism technique (AFLP). Isolates were further cloned to evaluate the occurrence of mixed infections in individuals. The results obtained revealed a high genotype diversity (94.6%) among these isolates. Apart from one site, all isolates gave different AFLP profiles in each of the sites. When clones were compared, three (8%) of the 37 isolates had mixed infections. These results indicate the circulation of a high number of strains in this trypanosomiasis endemic area despite the low impact the disease has on livestock production.     

Fruit- and seed-germination characteristics of Strychnos cocculoides an indigenous fruit tree from natural populations in Zambia

Domestication and improvement of traditionally used wild indigenous fruit trees hold great promise in agroforestry development. Strychnos cocculoides is a wild indigenous fruit tree that was ranked third by farmers and is one of the priority species chosen for domestication in southern Africa. This study was conducted with the objective of determining the variability in fruit, seed and germination characteristics of four populations of Strychnos cocculoides collected from Zambia. Results showed significant differences (P < 0.05) between and within provenances in fruit, pericarp and pulp weights. Fruits from Kalulushi provenance were heaviest (296 g) whereas the lightest were Petauke provenance fruits (158 g). The pulp content of heavy and light fruits were 52.8% and 47.6% respectively. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the number of seeds per fruit within and between the provenances. In contrast, the seed weight was significantly different (P < 0.05) within and between provenances. The heaviest seeds were found in the heaviest fruits — Kalulushi while the lightest were found in Serenje provenance. Fruit weight was positively correlated with pulp weight (P < 0.001, r = 0.70), pericarp weight (P < 0.001, r = 0.54) and seed weight (P < 0.001, r = 0.76). The provenances differed significantly (P < 0.05) in cumulative germination percentage, ranging from 56 (Kalulushi) to 83 (Kasama).This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

九龙江北溪悬移质泥沙初步分析

九龙江是福建省第二大河流,北溪是龙岩、漳州和厦门三市的主要水源地,该河流的水土流失及水源含养直接关系到三市居民生活用水安全。本文对北溪的悬移泥沙的年际变化和年内分配以及变化原因进行初步分析,为北溪的水土保持及水资源综合治理提供参考数据。