Relations Between Net Nitrogen Mineralization and Soil Characteristics Within an Arable Field

Within-field variations in plant-available soil nitrogen (N) are likely to be affected by differences in soil characteristics. To study this, a 3- year field investigation was conducted during 1998-2000 on a 15 ha arable field in Sweden with considerable within-field soil texture variability. In 34 plots soil N uptake by crops, net nitrogen mineralization (Nm) during the growing season and soil mineral N in spring and shortly after harvest were determined. Beside these parameters, topography, soil organic matter content (SOM), clay content, pH(H 2 O) and grain yield were recorded. The variations in Nm were considerably large both within the field and between years. The within-field variation in Nm could partly be explained by the variation in SOM and clay content (adjusted coefficient of determination = 0.23, P <0.001). The pattern in Nm differed between years, partly because of seasonal variations in soil moisture. For these reasons, the pattern of Nm is difficult to predict without seasonal adjustments.     

扁穗雀麦种质资源形态和农艺性状变异的初步分析

检测种质资源的多样性对于利用和有效管理种质非常重要。本研究对87份世界来源的扁穗雀麦种质利用常用的9个形态-农艺性状进行了统一田间评价。结果表明,所有采用的性状变异系数均表现出高度的变异,尤其以单株干物质产量、分蘖数和叶宽的变异幅度最大。反映株型大小的各性状之间呈显著相关,茎粗和第一节间长与其余8个性状之间存在显著相关(P<0.01),旗叶宽与倒二叶宽的正相关性最强(r=0.912,P<0.01)。主成分分析(PCA)表明前2个主成分可以解释总变异的74%。反映株型大小的性状以及分蘖数可能是扁穗雀麦种质形态变异的主要来源。基于欧氏距离的UPGMA聚类分析将供试材料分成3个主要的类群,第一类群具有最大的株型表现,茎干粗壮,旗叶和倒二叶宽大,分蘖数中等;第二类群具有中等的株型;第三类群具有较小的株型,叶片短而窄,但分蘖数较多。聚类分析很好地支持了前2个主成分分值的二维散点图的结果。总之,本研究表明扁穗雀麦是一种在西南平原和丘陵地区适应性极强的禾草,其表型多样性对于品种选育和资源收集具有重要的参考价值。     

Soil heterogeneity at the field scale: a challenge for precision crop protection

Crop protection seldom takes into account soil heterogeneity at the field scale. Yet, variable site characteristics affect the incidence of pests as well as the efficacy and fate of pesticides in soil. This article reviews crucial starting points for incorporating soil information into precision crop protection (PCP). At present, the lack of adequate field maps is a major drawback. Conventional soil analyses are too expensive to capture soil heterogeneity at the field scale with the required spatial resolution. Therefore, we discuss alternative procedures exemplified by our own results concerning (i) minimally and non-invasive sensor techniques for the estimation of soil properties, (ii) the evidence of soil heterogeneity with respect to PCP, and (iii) current possibilities for incorporation of high resolution soil information into crop protection decisions. Soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil texture are extremely interesting for PCP. Their determination with minimally invasive techniques requires the sampling of soils, because the sensors must be used in the laboratory. However, this technique delivers precise information at low cost. We accurately determined SOC in the near-infrared. In the mid-infrared, texture and lime content were also exactly quantified. Non-invasive sensors require less effort. The airborne HyMap sensor was suitable for the detection of variability in SOC at high resolution, thus promising further progress regarding SOC data acquisition from bare soil. The apparent electrical conductivity as measured by an EM38 sensor was shown to be a suitable proxy for soil texture and layering. A survey of arable fields near Bonn (Germany) revealed widespread within-field heterogeneity of texture-related ECa, SOC and other characteristics. Maps of herbicide sorption and application rate were derived from sensor data, showing that optimal herbicide dosage is strongly governed by soil variability. A phytoassay with isoproturon confirmed the reliability of spatially varied herbicide application rates. Mapping areas with an enhanced leaching risk within fields allows them to be kept free of pesticides with related regulatory restrictions. We conclude that the use of information on soil heterogeneity within the concept of PCP is beneficial, both economically and ecologically.     

A comparison of crop data measured by two commercial sensors for variable-rate nitrogen application

Nitrogen (N) fertilizer rates applied spatially according to crop requirements can improve the efficiency of N use. The study compares the performance of two commercial sensors, the Yara N-Sensor/FieldScan (Yara International ASA, Germany) and the GreenSeeker (NTech Industries Inc., Ukiah, California, USA), for assessing the status of N in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and corn (Zea mays L.). Four experiments were conducted at different locations in Quebec and Ontario, Canada. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was determined with the two sensors at specific growth stages. The NDVI values derived from Yara N-Sensor/FieldScan correlated with those from GreenSeeker, but only at the early growth stages, where the NDVI values varied from 0.2 to 0.6. Both sensors were capable of describing the N condition of the crop or variation in the stand, but each sensor had its own sensitivity characteristics. It follows that the algorithms developed with one sensor for variable-rate N application cannot be transferred directly to another sensor. The Yara N-Sensor/FieldScan views the crop at an oblique angle over the rows and detects more biomass per unit of soil surface compared to the GreenSeeker with its nadir (top-down) view of the crop. The Yara N-Sensor/FieldScan should be used before growth stage V5 for corn during the season if NDVI is used to derive crop N requirements. GreenSeeker performed well where NDVI values were >0.5. However, unlike GreenSeeker, the Yara N-Sensor/FieldScan can also record spectral information from wavebands other than red and near infrared, and more vegetation indices can be derived that might relate better to N status than NDVI.     

陕西省小麦品种粉质特性的研究

研究了三类小麦材料粉质特性各参数间、地点间和年际间的变异特点以及各参数间的关系,结果表明:各粉质参数在品种间、地点间和年际间的变异大小都是形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和粉质质量数等远大于评价值,而评价值又远大于吸水率;同一参数在不同品种间的变异大小也不尽相同;各品种的不同参数虽在年际间、地点间均有较大的变异系数,但并未达到显著水平;大部分参数间的相关和回归系数均达到极显著水平。说明粉质性状主要由遗传因素决定,外因只起修饰性作用,大部分参数之间可以较可靠地相互预测。     

50个大菊品种形态学性状比较分析

以麻城市五脑山林场菊花种质资源圃中50种大菊品种为研究对象,采用田间随机区组实验设计,对64个形态性状进行了测定,并进行了一致性及变异性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析,结果表明:在所有性状中有59个性状变异系数大于15％;前7个主成分对变异的贡献率达81.45％,其中特征量较大的花部性状对大菊品种分类具有较大的影响;通过聚类分析可将50份大菊种质资源分为4类,形态差异明显;株型可作为大菊分类的一个重要指标.     

Genetic variation of the durum wheat landrace Haurani from different agro-ecological regions

The durum wheat landrace Haurani (Triticum durum Desf.) is grown under contrasting climatic regions of Syria from Deir Ezzor, in the North-East (230 m altitude, 150 mm mean annual rainfall), to Qunaytra, in the South-West (1060 m altitude, 825 mm mean annual rainfall). In order to assess the genetic variation between and within Haurani populations, samples from eight provinces of Syria (Daraa, Damascus, Qunaytra, Deir Ezzor, Hassakeh, Aleppo, Homs and Hama) were analysed by RFLPs and seed storage proteins of glutenin subunits as markers. The analyses showed the presence of genetic polymorphisms in all populations with the highest values in those from Homs and Hassakeh. Moreover, the results point out differences in genetic distances between populations; some populations were further apart, such as Damascus and Aleppo, whereas others were closer to each other, for instance Homs and Hama. Cluster analysis identified two distinct groups of populations, characterized by geographical proximity, with similar rainfall and altitude. It is suggested that the similarity of landraces at locations close to each other might be the result of more frequent seed exchanges between farmers or of gene flow due to 5% estimated outcross rate of Haurani.     

RAPD and ITS-based variability revealed in Atriplex species introduced to semi-arid zones of Morocco

Variability related to RAPD markers and sequences of nrDNA ITS region has been studied in seven species of the genus Atriplex (A. amnicola, A. canescens, A. halimus from Morocco (MAR) and from USA, A. lentiformis, A. nummularia, A. semibaccata and A. undulate). As a whole, the results show a high variability among the species. The biggest diversity was obtained by RAPD data, followed by ITSs. According to RAPD markers, two major groups can be distinguished, one formed by A. semibaccata and A. undulata, the least similar to the rest of species. A. lentiformis was closer to A. halimus. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the divergence of A. semibaccata from all species and the closeness of A. lentiformis to A. halimus. The intraspecies variability was also high, as 39 individual RAPD haplotypes were obtained by analyzing 40 plants. Genetic diversity was bigger among species (60.23%) than among individuals (39.77%). The amplification of ITS region leads to three well-defined clades. The heterogeneous and larger clade includes all A. amnicola individuals and some individuals from A. nummularia, A. lentiformis, A. halimus USA, A. halilmus MAR and A. undulata. Both RAPDs and ITS analyses revealed with some exceptions, that all individuals from one species grouped together. RAPDS turn out to be more appropriate than ITS to differentiate Atriplex species. The two markers gave rise to the same species relationships, but to a different structure of the Atriplex genetic diversity. AMOVA analysis estimated interspecies differences for 11.20% of the total ITS variation.     

大豆蛋白质及脂肪含量的遗传和选择效果研究：Ⅲ.早期世代的变异与遗传进度

大豆的蛋白质及脂肪含量都是典型数量性状,F_2呈常态分布,F_2与MP几乎相等;F_2变幅受双亲限制,很少出现超亲个体;裂区方差分析进一步表明在F_2和F_3代正反交均无显著差异。五性状相关值表明产量与脂肪含量的负作用较大,完全粒率与蛋白质含量的负作用较大。蛋白质与脂肪含量的遗传力和遗传进度估值较高,表明早世代在组合间和系统间进行选择即可奏效。     

不同地区与栽培方式下蔬菜品质的变异性分析

通过对陕西省延安和杨凌两地春季蔬菜进行对比试验,分析了不同地区及栽培方式下的蔬菜pH值、维生素C含量、可溶性糖含量和硝酸盐含量等的差异。结果表明,陕西延安春季蔬菜的可溶性糖含量和维生素C含量较杨凌的高;杨凌露地蔬菜的硝酸盐污染指数为轻度,延安露地蔬菜除绿叶菜类为硝酸盐中度污染外,其余菜类为轻度污染。从营养品质和安全品质分析,延安蔬菜的品质优于杨凌蔬菜的品质。延安露地蔬菜的可溶性糖含量和维生素C含量都较拱棚和日光温室的高。除拱棚葱蒜类受到硝酸盐中度污染外,其他菜类为轻度污染;露地和拱棚中的蔬菜受到硝酸盐的轻度污染。从营养品质和安全品质上比较,露地蔬菜的品质比拱棚和日光温室的蔬菜品质要好。