长江三角洲地区土壤重金属含量及其分异特征

以地学统计、浓度-面积分形方法和富集系数等方法分析了该地区土壤重金属元素含量的变化特征。结果显示:表层和深层土壤的重金属均具有多重分形特征,表层土壤中重金属元素分异性强,在该地区表层重金属含量平均值远远大于全国土壤背景值(除了As);土壤Hg、Cd、Pb含量分布显示了受人为影响强烈,而Cu、Zn主要受原始背景和人为活动综合影响;Cr、Ni、As主要受自然背景影响。研究结果为长江三角洲地区土壤质量评价提供可靠的依据。     

喀斯特森林生态系统的小生境及其土壤异质性

通过对贵州南部茂兰喀斯特森林生态系统中小生境的土壤进行调查及采样分析,探讨喀斯特微地貌的土壤多样性及土壤性质的变化。结果表明:在小生境地表微形态和微地貌空间变异的影响下,石坑、石沟、石缝、石洞和土面的土壤分布及其性质出现明显的水平空间变异。石洞土壤砂粒含量、>5 mm团聚体数量、容重明显高于石坑、石沟、石缝和土面的土壤,而<1 mm团聚体数量、通气孔隙度及腐殖酸、全氮、全磷、有效氮的含量则相反;石坑土壤<1 mm团聚体数量、通气孔隙度及有机碳、腐殖酸、全氮、有效磷、有效钾、有效铜、有效锌的含量显著高于石洞、石沟、石缝和土面的土壤,而黏粒含量、>5 mm团聚体数量、容重则明显低于土面、石沟和石缝的土壤;石沟土壤的黏粒含量显著低于土面和石缝的土壤,而<1 mm团聚体数量及有机碳、腐殖酸、全氮的含量则相反;石缝土壤有机碳、有效钾的含量明显低于土面、石沟的土壤。初步将喀斯特微地貌的土壤类型分为石洞型、石缝型、土面-石沟型和石坑型,其中土面-石沟型土壤分布最多,其次为石缝型。     

Variability in topsoil texture and carbon content within soil map units and its implications in predicting soil water content for optimum workability

The ability to predict the timing of optimum soil workability depends on knowledge of the extent and structure of variability in main physical characteristics of the soil. Our objectives were to quantify the variability in texture and carbon content within soil map units in a small agriculture-dominated catchment in South-east Norway and to assess implications of variability in texture and carbon content on land management operations, using the predicted maximum water content for optimum workability as an example. Information from three different sources were used: a soil map (1:5000), a large sample grid (100 m spacing, 270 ha extent), and a small sample grid (10 m spacing, 2.25 ha extent). Readily available information on texture and organic matter content from the soil map was found to be of limited use for soil management due to broad textural classes together with deviations from the mapped main textural classes. There were significant differences in clay, silt and sand content between the different soil textural classes on the soil map. Statistical distributions within soil map units were generally either positively or negatively skewed and the coefficient of variation was intermediate, 15–50%. Most of the variation in both grids was spatially correlated. The large grid was dominated by a patchy structure, whilst the small grid showed a systematic trend with a gradual transition indicating fuzzy boundaries between map units in this catchment. The effective range for texture was 16 times larger in the large grid. Implications of variability in texture and carbon content on land management operations were assessed for the maximum water content for optimum workability (Wopt), predicted using pedotransfer functions. Wopt was usually in the same range as the water content at–100 kPa matric potential, indicating that considerable evaporation in addition to drainage is required for obtaining workable conditions in the field. The time required for obtaining the water content was estimated to about 5 days, which is longer than an average length of periods without precipitation in the area, median 3.7 days. Wopt predicted from the soil map deviated strongly from Wopt predicted from the sample grids. Comparing estimates of Wopt from the large grid with measurements in the small grid showed differences corresponding to ±2–3 days of evaporation.     

Influence of delayed emergence and canopy skips on the growth and development of maize plants: a plant scale approach with CERES-Maize

Our objective was to study by observation and simulation the effects of (1) three different dates of seedling emergence and (2) presence of short sequences of missing plants in rows of maize canopies which we refer to as skips. Trials were carried out in Belgium and France during two consecutive years. We had eight trials in total (i.e. two experimental designs in two locations for 2 years). In a field mechanically sown with a precision drill to give ‘normal plants’, ‘late 1 plants’ and ‘late 2 plants’ (respectively) were sown by hand when ‘normal plants’ had germinated or emerged. The radiation available at the top of the plants was measured for each cohort which allowed the calculation of a ‘coefficient of correction for light climate’ corresponding to the ratio of incident light at the top of each cohort relative to normal. Heterogeneity (skips) was created in maize canopies by removing three adjacent plants situated in the same row at 16 different locations across the field. The part of the canopy affected by the presence of these skips was considered to consist of the 12 plants bordering each skip. Radiation was measured near soil level on both sides of these plants: plants of the part of the canopy affected by skips received on average the same amount of radiation as a uniform stand with a population density equal to three quarters of the density of the parts of the stand without skips. To test if differences in radiation reaching the level of plants in each cohort could explain the effects on the plants the behaviour of each cohort of plants in each location x year was modelled separately with CERES-Maize after introducing into the model a ‘coefficient of correction for light climate’ corresponding to each cohort×location×year combination. Simulations generally reproduced correctly decreases in LAI, total biomass, grain number and total grain yield in the late 1 and late 2 cohorts, but not decrease in individual grain weight. The observed loss of grain yield per unit surface area in the parts of the canopy disturbed by skips was between 7 and 15%, whereas corresponding simulated values were between 6 and 11%. In the absence of compensation, values in the disturbed parts would have been 20%. Thus in our conditions amount of light reaching the different cohorts explained a large part of the treatments effects.     

大久保桃自交后代若干性状的变异和遗传倾向

对大久保自交后代的12个性状进行了研究。结果表明:果皮着色度和甜酸度变异较大;单果质量、开花期、千周呈正态分布,成熟期呈双峰分布,甜酸度、着色度呈三峰分布;粘离核和花粉育性的基因型为杂合(Ff、Psps),自交后代可分离出粘核、花粉不育的个体,符合3:1分离比例;果肉质地的基因型也为杂合(Stst),自交后代可分离出硬溶质的个体,但偏离3:1比例。果肉色泽的基因型为显性纯合(YY),自交后代不分离。自交后代基本保持了原有的果形和果顶,但也可分离出长圆形、平顶的个体。果实的发育期、甜酸度和单果质量均具有较强的传递力。     

瓜尔豆辐射诱变效应的研究

通过不同剂量辐射处理瓜尔豆干种子,结果表明:辐射处理瓜尔豆干种子的半致死剂量为500Gy。瓜尔豆产量构成因素中主要性状的变异度与辐射剂量大小显著相关,尤以单株籽数、单荚籽数的变异系数最高。在剂量450～550Gy范围内对瓜尔豆辐射其有利变异突变率高。     

大豆疫霉菌对甲霜灵(Metalaxyl)的敏感性及变异性

 大豆疫霉菌(Phytophthora megasperma f.sp.glycinea)对甲霜灵的敏感性及变异性研究结果表明,17个中国大豆疫霉菌侏菌丝生长对甲霜灵较敏感,Ec50值平均为0.0098ppm,Ec95值平均为2.6295ppm。但不同菌株对甲霜灵的敏感性不同,Ec50值范围在0.0042~0.0297ppm之间,相差7倍左右。Ec95值范围在0.7688~6.1682ppm之间,相差8倍左右。3个美国菌株菌丝体生长对甲霜灵有一定耐药性,Ec50值范围在0.3725~0.4813ppm之间,Ec95值范同在125.97~280.59ppm之间,分别比中国大豆疫霉菌株Ec50值和Ec95值平均高43倍和77倍。单孢分离物菌丝体生长对甲霜灵敏感性变异较大,B1菌株单孢分离物Ec50值范围在0.0058~0.2537ppm之间,S367菌株的单孢分离物的Ec50值范围在0.0069~0.1735ppm之间,分别相差43倍和25倍。有的单孢分离物对甲霜灵的耐药性增高。各菌株孢子囊和卵孢子产生对甲霜灵敏感性有一定差异,但1.0ppm的甲霜灵对其抑制率均为100%。活体测定结果表明,1.0ppm的甲霜灵对该病的防效达94~100%。     

Soil Phosphorus Variability: Scale-dependence in an Urbanizing Agricultural Landscape

We examine the hypothesis that human activity changes patterns of variance in soil P (Bray-1) concentrations across several spatial scales. We measured soil P concentrations and variability for each of four different land uses at three distinct levels of analysis. Land uses were remnant prairie, lawns, corn fields of cash grain farms, and corn fields of dairies in Dane County, Wisconsin (USA). For each land use type, levels of analysis were sites (an agricultural field, residential lawn or prairie, ranging in size from 100 m² to approximately 20 ha), 10-m plots within a site, and points within the 10-m diameter plot. The rank of mean soil P concentrations was cash grain > dairy > lawn > prairie. For all land use types, most of the variance was accounted for by site-to-site variation. Among-site variance was higher for human-dominated sites (0.55, 0.15, 0.14 [log (mg/kg)]² for cash grain, dairy, and lawn sites, respectively) than it was for prairies (0.07 [log (mg/kg)]²). However, prairies had the highest among-plot variation (0.04 [log (mg/kg)]²) compared to other sites (0.01, 0.002, and 0.01 [log (mg/kg)]² for cash grain, dairy, and lawn sites, respectively). The results indicate that in this watershed, human activity has increased the mean soil P and variance of soil P, and shifted the scale of variance to larger spatial extents. Human impacts on landscape pattern extend to soil properties that affect nutrient flow and eutrophication of surface waters. Because soil P turns over slowly, the legacy of altered soil P patterns may affect freshwaters for centuries.     

A new method for modelling biological variation using quantile functions

We describe a general method for modelling biological variability as a function of time using fruit populations as examples. The method can incorporate variations in the biological age or maturity of fruit or other produce, as well as variations in the biological property being measured. Key developments are the use of quantile functions to describe the stochastic elements of the model, the assignment of probabilities to individual measurements based on their rank order within a sample, the use of individual measurements rather than means in the fitting process, and the fact that a single model equation with a single set of parameters describes the distribution of measurements across an entire population as a function of time. Using a representative fruit sample taken at a specific time and generalised model parameters, the technique allows the prediction of future fruit population distributions and the prediction of the date when a defined percentage of the fruit population meet a particular specification.The model development process demonstrates how to account for both biological age variability and measure (hue) variability simultaneously, the latter including components of measurement uncertainty and variability not related to biological age. Using quantile functions as the stochastic elements provides a wide range of distributional options.The method is described in detail using, as examples, a Complementary Log–Log sigmoid to model changes in ‘Hort16A’ kiwifruit hue angle preharvest, and a Logistic sigmoid to model changes in ‘Tradiro’ tomato skin hue data postharvest.The kiwifruit data comprised ten samples of 90 destructive hue angle measurements taken across the growing season from each of eight maturity areas (MAs). Allowing MA-specific parameter sets, the entire data set was modelled with an adjusted rsd of 0.46°. Further exploration of the sensitivity of model parameters showed that the model parameter t_m, which defines the timing of the ‘maturity’ of each MA, needed to be MA-specific.The tomato colour data comprised 120 fruit measured non-destructively on seven occasions postharvest. Initial model fits using a Normal distribution for the biological age component gave an rsd of 1.05°. The rsd was reduced to 0.61° using a four-parameter generalised lambda quantile function to describe the biological age variability and 0.63° when using a truncated Normal, suggesting that the underlying distribution was not Normal.The models are readily fitted using any statistical or computational package that offers non-linear optimisation including Microsoft Excel with Solver. The technique can be used as effectively with destructive as with non-destructive measurement data, in preharvest and postharvest situations, and can provide visualisation as well as computational tools. It can be applied to any populations that vary with time and where the units of the populations exhibit variability. These modelling techniques have formed the basis for decision support tools that have been operating commercially since 2007.