Locust Plagues and the Dieldrin Controversy

Abstract

The accepted strategy for the control of locust plagues is to check an upsurge of population before swarms break out and start a widespread plague. The organisation, men and materials necessary for this work must be established before locust plagues are imminent. Primary targets for control are the hoppers. Red locust hoppers can be efficiently controlled only by vegetation baiting with dieldrin. The ULV drift-spraying method of application is particularly successful. Objections to the use of dieldrin on environmental grounds have been put forward but are without substance when the recommended method is used. A small aircraft can blanket spray 5,000 ha/h using the ultra low dosages necessary for desert locust hoppers. Three such aircraft could cope with the area of red locust hopper outbreaks although the dosage necessary for these is likely to be higher in the denser vegetation of their habitat. Field trials to establish the lowest dosage rate for red locust hoppers are urgently required.

If the facilities and resources needed to control locust plagues are not made available, it is hoped that FAO will provide expert teams to survey the economic and social effects of a locust plague, by investigation on the spot, so that responsibility can be assigned and an accurate history can be drawn up for the guidance of future governments. At the present time, governments have the choice of providing what is needed in the confident expectation of preventing plagues, or providing too little or nothing which will, sooner or later, inevitably lay a plague on their doorsteps.     

蛇床子素分散片处方筛选及溶出度的研究

目的优选蛇床子素分散片处方,并建立溶出度测定方法。方法在单因素试验基础上,采用正交试验以崩解时限、分散均匀性为指标对蛇床子素分散片处方进行优化;采用紫外分光光度法测定分散片中蛇床子素的溶出度,测定波长为322nm。结果最佳处方为蛇床子素10%,崩解剂交联聚维酮20%(外加),填充剂微晶纤维素和乳糖分别为30%和40%,黏合剂为75%乙醇进行湿法制粒压片,优选处方的崩解时间小于10s,分散均匀且全部通过二号筛;蛇床子素在为6～16μg.mL-1(n=6,r=0.999 9)时,线性关系良好,蛇床子素分散片60min内累积溶出百分率为88%。结论蛇床子素分散片制备工艺简单,溶出度高,符合《中国药典》2010年版的相关规定,具有实用价值。     

Influence of Sampling Date on Soil Nitrogen Availability Indices

In spite of the great effort that has been devoted to the search for a chemical laboratory index to predict nitrogen (N) mineralization capability of soils, the results have not yet been fully satisfactory. A continued effort is still needed to increase the knowledge of the sources of variation that influence potentially available soil N. The time of sampling has received little attention, taking into account its potential to influence N-mineralization patterns. In this work, soil samples from three different agrosystems, consisting of a double-crop sequence of small grains and maize, an intensively grazed pasture, and a rainfed olive orchard, were collected at different dates. Several chemical extractions were performed, and the results were correlated with N uptake by turnip (Brassica campestris, L.) grown in a pot experiment. Kjeldahl N was the chemical test that best correlated (R ² = 0.621) with N uptake by turnip. Kjeldahl N showed great versatility relative to the origin of the soil samples. However, it was not very sensitive to the time of sampling. It did not detect changes occurring in the soil over a short period of time. Soil inorganic N showed the second highest coefficient of correlation (R ² = 0.483) with N uptake by turnip. In contrast to that observed with Kjeldahl N, soil inorganic N appeared as an index that can vary greatly over the short term. The hot saline potassium chloride (KCl) extractions gave generally fair results. The poorest, however, were obtained with the ultraviolet absorption of extracts of 0.01 mol L^?1 sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) measured at 250- and 260-nm wavelengths.     

八氯二丙醚在土壤表面的紫外光解动力学研究

以紫外灯为光源,研究了八氯二丙醚在土壤表面的光化学降解动态以及不同因子对其光解的影响。结果表明,八氯二丙醚在土壤表面的光解动态符合化学反应一级动力学方程。八氯二丙醚在不同类型土壤中的光解速率为红壤〉潮土〉水稻土,光解半衰期分别为11.44、14.00h和20.63h。八氯二丙醚在中性土壤中光解速率最快,在偏酸或偏碱性土壤中光解半衰期均明显延长。土壤含水量增加,有利于八氯二丙醚的光解,干燥土壤（含水量为2%）中八氯二丙醚的光解半衰期是潮湿土壤的1.3~2.6倍。当土壤中八氯二丙醚添加浓度为0.2~10mg·kg-1时,其光解速率与添加浓度呈负相关关系;不同添加剂量的催化剂TiO2对八氯二丙醚的光解均表现出明显的光敏化作用,光解速率常数提高1.6~2.4倍。研究结果将为明确八氯二丙醚在土壤中的环境行为及其环境安全性评价提供科学依据。     

紫外诱变与羧甲基半胱氨酸复合筛选高产L-精氨酸菌株

为获得L-精氨酸高产菌株,以实验室初步鉴定为格兰氏阳性细菌,菌落特征为金黄色的产全氨基酸菌株为出发菌株,利用紫外线(UV)诱变和精氨酸结构类似物羧甲基半胱氨酸(羧甲司坦)进行复合筛选,得到1株L-精氨酸高产诱变菌株。对所筛选到的高产诱变菌株进行160r/min,30℃摇瓶发酵90h,测得该菌株L-精氨酸的产量为78.79μg/3ml,与出发菌株相比,L-精氨酸的产量提高约3.71倍。经多批次发酵试验进一步验证,所筛选的高产L-精氨酸菌株具有较好的遗传稳定性,此研究不仅对筛选L-精氨酸高产菌株具有一定参考和借鉴意义,对筛选其他类型氨基酸高产菌株也可提供一定参考。     

Comparison of effects of ultraviolet and<Superscript>60</Superscript>Co gamma ray irradiation on nylon 6 mono-filaments

The effect of UV and⁶⁰Co gamma radiations on the physical and mechanical properties of nylon 6 mono-filaments with different draw ratios has been studied. Specimens were exposed to either up to 25 Mrad of gamma or up to 168 hrs of intense UV irradiation. The results show that nylon mono-filaments exposed to gamma rays, with much higher quantum energy than UV, undergo a larger extent of molecular chain scission. Higher irradiation dose also results in the production of insoluble, macroscopic three-dimensional cross-linked network structure. The amorphous regions with a lower density of cohesive energy (lower molecular orientation) show a higher extent of cross linking reaction whereas amorphous regions with a higher density of cohesive energy (higher orientation) show higher extent of chain scission reaction, irrespective of UV ray or gamma ray irradiation.     

紫外线—氯化锂复合诱变选育泰妙菌素高产菌株

目的 筛选泰妙菌素高产菌株。方法 以TMⅡ09—003为出发菌株,经UV照射180s后,将菌悬液均匀的涂布于加有0.8%的氯化锂平板上,在避光条件下于温度26℃～27℃,湿度60%～65%的环境下培养成熟后,进行挑取单菌落、初筛、复筛。以HPLC法测化学效价。结果 经UV照射180s后,氯化锂加量为0.8%剂量对菌株的致死率为88.6%。对用此剂量处理获得的诱变菌株进行了筛选,最终获得4支高产菌株,分别为：TMⅡ09—236、TMⅡ09—253、TMⅡ09—441和TMⅡ09—447。     

黄龙沙棘果实中油精的分离及结构鉴定

为了解沙棘压榨汁内漂浮物中脂溶性有色物质的成分,以黄龙沙棘鲜果为试样,用提取色素法;经溶剂提取和薄层色谱分离,得到8种有色物质,其中有一种对光比较稳定的黄色油状液体,经IR及H—NMR鉴定,谱图与有机物物理常数和光谱谱图册中油精的数据一致。又用UV测试,200～400nm无吸收峰;400～500nm有两处最大吸收峰。测定结果与相应谱图表明,经提纯的这种黄色油状液体是油精。     

植物中紫外光及蓝光信号转导的研究进展

以拟南芥为例，简要论述了近年来有关紫外光及蓝光信号转导方面的研究进展，其中，着重从ＣＨＳ基因表达的调节、ＵＶ－Ｂ和ＵＶ－Ａ／蓝光光信号转导途径研究及其相互作用等小方面进行介绍。