自然老化对木粉/HDPE复合材性能的影响及添加剂的应用

研究木粉/高密度聚乙烯(WF/HDPE)复合材在不同朝向的自然老化条件下使用时颜色与表面化学成分的变化,并分析采用光稳定剂、抗氧剂和颜料作为防老化剂的效果.户外使用的木粉/HDPE复合材在夏天暴晒1个月颜色就会发生明显变化,南面和东面更加显著,红外分析表明:复合材料表面C=O增加、木材指数下降,有氧化现象发生.人工加速稳定老化检测结果表明:与抗氧剂和光稳定剂相比,颜料的使用对减小变色有明显作用,但颜料、抗氧剂和光老化剂3种助剂对延缓WF/HDPE复合材的抗弯性能下降没有起到明显作用.     

紫外分光光度法测定转基因烟草叶片中自藜芦醇的含量

利用紫外分光光度法对转基因烟草叶片中自藜芦醇的含量进行了测定。结果显示,转入花生白藜芦醇合成酶基因的烟草叶片中自藜芦醇浓度约为6．83μg/ml,比野生型材料中约5．11μg/ml的白藜芦醇含量略高。经紫外胁迫诱导后,其叶片中自藜芦醇含量分别提高到10．98μg/ml和9．25μg/ml。白藜芦醇合成酶转人烟草后不仅使目标植物中白藜芦醇含量有所增加,而且使植物自身对紫外胁迫的耐受能力也得到了较大的提高。     

黄瓜霜霉病菌对双炔酰菌胺的敏感基线及其抗性突变体生物学性状研究

为建立黄瓜霜霉病菌对双炔酰菌胺的敏感基线及评估其抗性风险,采用叶盘漂浮法测定了采自河北、山东未使用过羧酸酰胺类(CAAs)药剂地区的69株黄瓜霜霉病菌(Pseudoperonospora cubensis)对双炔酰菌胺的敏感性,并对黄瓜霜霉病菌抗双炔酰菌胺突变体的获得方法及突变体的生物学性状进行了研究。结果表明:69株黄瓜霜霉病菌对双炔酰菌胺的平均EC50值为(0.358±0.144)μg/mL,不同敏感性菌株的频率呈连续单峰曲线分布,未发现敏感性下降的亚群体,因此可将其作为黄瓜霜霉病菌对双炔酰菌胺的敏感基线;通过药剂驯化的方法未获得黄瓜霜霉病菌抗双炔酰菌胺的突变体;而通过紫外诱导的方法获得了6个抗双炔酰菌胺的突变体,其抗性水平介于5.74~22.96倍之间,突变频率为1.09×10-7,适合度显著低于其亲本菌株,且抗药性不能稳定遗传;双炔酰菌胺与甲霜灵、嘧菌酯、霜脲氰、氟吡菌胺之间无交互抗性关系,与烯酰吗啉之间有交互抗性关系。据此推测黄瓜霜霉病菌对双炔酰菌胺的抗性风险为低到中等。     

Locust Plagues and the Dieldrin Controversy

Abstract

The accepted strategy for the control of locust plagues is to check an upsurge of population before swarms break out and start a widespread plague. The organisation, men and materials necessary for this work must be established before locust plagues are imminent. Primary targets for control are the hoppers. Red locust hoppers can be efficiently controlled only by vegetation baiting with dieldrin. The ULV drift-spraying method of application is particularly successful. Objections to the use of dieldrin on environmental grounds have been put forward but are without substance when the recommended method is used. A small aircraft can blanket spray 5,000 ha/h using the ultra low dosages necessary for desert locust hoppers. Three such aircraft could cope with the area of red locust hopper outbreaks although the dosage necessary for these is likely to be higher in the denser vegetation of their habitat. Field trials to establish the lowest dosage rate for red locust hoppers are urgently required.

If the facilities and resources needed to control locust plagues are not made available, it is hoped that FAO will provide expert teams to survey the economic and social effects of a locust plague, by investigation on the spot, so that responsibility can be assigned and an accurate history can be drawn up for the guidance of future governments. At the present time, governments have the choice of providing what is needed in the confident expectation of preventing plagues, or providing too little or nothing which will, sooner or later, inevitably lay a plague on their doorsteps.     

Modeling of urban trees’ effects on reducing human exposure to UV radiation in Seoul,Korea

A mathematical model is constructed for quantifying urban trees’ effects on mitigating the intensity of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on the ground within different land use types across a city. The model is based upon local field data, meteorological data and equations designed to predict the reduced UV fraction due to trees at the ground level. Trees in Seoul, Korea (2010), produced average UV protection factors (UPF) for pedestrians in tree shade at solar noon (May to August) of 8.3 for park and cemetery land uses and 3.0 for commercial and transportation land uses. The highest daily UPF was 11.8 in the park and cemetery land uses, which has the highest percent canopy cover. This UV model is being implemented within the i-Tree modeling system to allow cities across the world to estimate tree effects on UV exposure. Understanding the impacts of urban trees on UV exposure can be used in developing landscape design strategies to help protect urban populations from UV exposure and consequent health impacts.     

紫外诱变与羧甲基半胱氨酸复合筛选高产L-精氨酸菌株

为获得L-精氨酸高产菌株,以实验室初步鉴定为格兰氏阳性细菌,菌落特征为金黄色的产全氨基酸菌株为出发菌株,利用紫外线(UV)诱变和精氨酸结构类似物羧甲基半胱氨酸(羧甲司坦)进行复合筛选,得到1株L-精氨酸高产诱变菌株。对所筛选到的高产诱变菌株进行160r/min,30℃摇瓶发酵90h,测得该菌株L-精氨酸的产量为78.79μg/3ml,与出发菌株相比,L-精氨酸的产量提高约3.71倍。经多批次发酵试验进一步验证,所筛选的高产L-精氨酸菌株具有较好的遗传稳定性,此研究不仅对筛选L-精氨酸高产菌株具有一定参考和借鉴意义,对筛选其他类型氨基酸高产菌株也可提供一定参考。     

表层土壤中菲的紫外光降解研究

多环芳烃化合物(PAHs)由于致癌、致畸和致突变而受到广泛关注.本实验以多环芳烃菲(Phe)为目标污染物,研究了温度、腐植酸和紫外辐射强度对Phe光降解的影响并对不同因素对降解动力学的影响作了研究.结果表明,Phe的降解在20 ℃到30℃范围内,随着温度的升高,光降解率增加;腐植酸在Phe污染土壤的光降解中起敏化作用,可显著促进光解,腐植酸浓度为5 mg·kg-1足以达到敏化的效果;Phe光降解速率常数随辐射强度的降低而降低,呈正相关,光解的半衰期随着辐射强度的降低而增加,呈负相关.     

葛粉工业废水葛根素含量测定方法的比较

【目的】验证紫外分光光度法测定葛粉工业废水葛根素含量的可靠性,建立一种可信度高、操作性强、适于监测葛粉工业废水葛根素含量动态变化的测定方法。【方法】在不同浓度的葛根素标准溶液中加入已知浓度的牛血清蛋白（BSA）,检验蛋白质对紫外分光光度法测定葛根素含量的干扰;分别采用紫外分光光度法和高效液相色谱（HPLC）法测定葛粉工业废水葛根素含量,确认紫外分光光度法测定废水中葛根素含量的可靠性。【结果】在2～20μg/mL浓度范围内,葛根素浓度与其在250nm处的吸光值呈良好的线性关系,线性方程为：y=0.0648x-0.0049,相关系数（R2）为0.9995。紫外分光光度法测定葛根素的最低检出限为0.0480μg/mL,具有精密度较高、准确度良好,且不受BSA干扰的特点。紫外分光光度法与HPLC法测定结果的相对误差为5.0%,在可接受范围内。【结论】利用紫外分光光度法替代HPLC法进行葛粉工业废水葛根素含量测定具有可信、简便的特点,适用于工厂中葛粉工业废水葛根素分离纯化生产过程的实时监测。     

表层土壤中菲的紫外光降解研究

多环芳烃化合物（PAHs）由于致癌、致畸和致突变而受到广泛关注。本实验以多环芳烃菲（Phe）为目标污染物,研究了温度、腐植酸和紫外辐射强度对Phe光降解的影响并对不同因素对降解动力学的影响作了研究。结果表明,Phe的降解在20 ℃到30 ℃范围内,随着温度的升高,光降解率增加;腐植酸在Phe污染土壤的光降解中起敏化作用,可显著促进光解,腐植酸浓度为5 mg·kg^-1足以达到敏化的效果;Phe光降解速率常数随辐射强度的降低而降低,呈正相关,光解的半衰期随着辐射强度的降低而增加,呈负相关。     

茶薪菇原生质体制备及诱变的研究

对茶薪菇原生质体的分离及再生进行研究 ,结果表明以溶壁酶的去壁效果最好 ,不同酶组合可提高去壁效果 ,酶解液在 2 0 %时原生质体释放量很高。酶解适宜温度为 30℃ ,培养 4～ 5d的菌丝酶解 3h释放的原生质体最多。以甘露醇作为渗透压稳定剂 ,原生质体的释放量及再生率均较高 ,再生率达到 5 %左右 ,经紫外线照射 2 0s,致死率即达 70 %以上