结核免疫与结核新疫苗的研究进展

本文对近十多年来有关结核免疫的生物学机制和结核疫苗研究进展进行了综述,指出结核疫苗的发展方向,尤其指出植物疫苗是最为廉价、有前途的发展之路。     

Prevalence of Bovine tuberculosis in Ethiopian slaughter cattle based on post-mortem examination

A study aimed at describing the magnitude and distribution of gross lesions compatible with bovine tuberculosis (BTB) in Ethiiopian slaughter cattle in five abattoirs (four municipal and one export) located in various cattle husbandry systems in Ethiopia was carried out from July 2006 to January 2007 using detailed meat inspection procedure. Five representative abattoirs (four municipal and one export) located in distinct livestock management systems were selected. A total of 3322 cattle; 2876 (86.6%) male, 446 (13.4%) female; 3094 (93.1%) indigenous zebu, 140 (4.2%) crossbred and 88 (2.7%) pure exotic cattle were included in the study. A nine-year meat inspection record was also analyzed to elucidate the trend of BTB in the local cattle population.Of the carcasses inspected, 337 (10.2%, 95%CI= [9.2–11.2]) had lesions suggestive of tuberculosis, 69 (20.5%) generalized and 268 (79.5%) localized.TB prevalence showed a marked variation between categories of age, breed, class of animals, abattoir, geographic origin and husbandry system. It was higher in old and young animals than middle age group; in exotic than local breed; in calves than other classes of animals. The highest and lowest prevalence of TB was recorded in Adama (24.7%, 95%CI= [21.1–28.7]) and Yabello abattoirs (4.2%, 95%CI= [2.6–6.6]), respectively. Cattle whose origin was from Addis Ababa and its surrounding areas had higher prevalence of TB infection (23.9%, 95%CI= [17.6–31.5]).Cattle maintained in dairy farms had high degree of exposure (23.9%, 95%CI= [16.7–32.9]) to the infection than those maintained in other types of management system. Analysis of meat inspection records also revealed an increasing incidence of TB over the years. Our study demonstrated a high prevalence of tuberculosis in Ethiopian slaughter cattle and this could infer to similar scenario in a reference cattle population in the country. In view of Ethiopia’s increasing involvement in livestock export trade, the reported high prevalence of tuberculosis could be a major obstacle, particularly at this moment when sanitary requirements from importing countries are so much strict. Furthermore, the growing concern over increasing incidence of tuberculosis/HIV/AIDS co-infection, the high incidence of extra- pulmonary tuberculosis and a high risk of acquiring zoonotic tuberculosis among the majority of the population emphasize the need for paying the necessary attention towards the control of bovine tuberculosis.     

牛结核病的诊断与预防概况

结核病是一种人畜共患传染病,危害严重.本文着重对牛结核病的病原学、临床症状、病理变化及诊断情况作了系统的介绍,并对防治情况简要分析.     

Potential novel markers to discriminate between active and latent tuberculosis infection in Chinese individuals

Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) constitutes the main reservoir for reactivation tuberculosis. The finding of potential biomarkers for differentiating between TB and LTBI is very necessary. In this study, the immunological characteristics and potential diagnostic utility of Rv2029c, Rv2628 and Rv1813c proteins were assessed. These three proteins stimulated PBMCs from ELISPOT-positive LTBI subjects produced higher levels of IFN-γ in comparison with TB patients and ELISPOT-negative healthy subjects (p < 0.05). BCG vaccination and non-TB respiratory disease had little influence on the immunological responses of Rv2029c and Rv2628 proteins (p > 0.05). The LTBI diagnostic performance of Rv2029c was higher than Rv2628 and Rv1813c by ROC evaluation. But Rv2628 had much higher specificity than Rv2029c in active TB patients and uninfected healthy subjects. The IgG level against Rv1813c was higher in the TB group than in LTBI and uninfected healthy subjects (p < 0.05). These results suggest that T cell response to Rv2628 and antibody against Rv1813c might be applicable as biomarkers to distinguish TB from LTBI and uninfected individuals.     

Experimental tuberculosis in the European badger (Meles meles) after endobronchial inoculation with Mycobacterium bovis: II. Progression of infection

The aim of the study was to describe, over a period of 24 weeks, the pathological and bacteriological changes in badgers experimentally infected with Mycobacterium bovis. The badgers were infected by endobronchial instillation of 2.5 × 10⁴ colony forming units (cfu) M. bovis. After infection, the badgers were examined at 3 weekly intervals when blood and tracheal aspirates were collected. At 6, 12, 18 and 24 weeks post-infection (pi) three animals were euthanized and a detailed pathological and bacteriological examination was performed to assess the nature of the experimental disease. During the course of the study only one badger developed clinical signs of disease: a subcutaneous swelling on its head, first observed at 18 weeks pi. At post-mortem examination gross and histological lesions of tuberculosis were observed and M. bovis was recovered from all, except one badger. In the majority of badgers the endobronchial route of inoculation resulted in the establishment of infection that over 24 weeks was non-progressive with limited dissemination of infection from the thoracic cavity, mainly to the hepatic and mesenteric lymph nodes. However, in one of the badgers examined at 18 weeks pi and one at 24 weeks pi, infection was widely disseminated. The disease induced by the endobronchial inoculation displayed the characteristics of disease observed in naturally infected badgers.     

地区级结核病的监测防治管理信息系统的研究

本文基于对ＭＩＳＲＴ．Ｂ．ＳＰ的研究与开发，首先讨论了该系统的总体设计思想和应用信息模型技术，建立了结核病监测防治管理系统的信息模型，给出系统功能设计。然后讨论了系统的软件结构和基本实现方法及技术手段。     

关于对奶牛结核病检疫的思考

本文对奶牛结论核病检疫进行了试验,并对结论果进行了探讨,以供同行参考.     

The effect of varying levels of population control on the prevalence of tuberculosis in badgers in Ireland

We examined the effect of varying levels of badger population control on the prevalence of Mycobacterium bovis infection in badgers in four counties of Ireland. In the 'Removal' and 'Buffer' areas, proactive culling was conducted to substantially reduce and subsequently maintain badger populations at a low level for five years. In the 'Reference' areas, localised reactive culling was conducted in association with herd breakdowns. The infection status of badgers was determined using bacteriology. A total of 2696 badgers were recruited into the study, and 19.0% were found to be infected with M. bovis. The two population control strategies had differing effects on the subsequent prevalence of tuberculosis in badger populations. Proactive culling led to a long term decrease in the prevalence of tuberculosis in the re-emergent populations. Although there was an overall decline in the disease prevalence, no consistent trend in disease prevalence as a result of reactive culling was observed.     

结核变态反应阳性牛的非典型性分枝杆菌的分离与鉴定

本试验从６９头结核变态反应阳性牛中采取病料２０２份进行分枝杆菌，特别是非典型分枝杆菌的分离与鉴定，共获２６株分枝杆菌，除５株分枝杆菌外，其它全是非典型分枝杆菌。在这些非典型分杆杆菌中，５株偶发分枝杆菌，６株瘰疠分枝杆菌，５株鸟－胞内分枝杆菌，２株副结核分枝杆菌和１株ＲｕｎｙｏｎⅡ群。从病料看，有病变的分离率为４１．２％，无病变的为７．１％。在三种淋巴结病料中，以肠系膜淋巴结的分离率为最高，颌下淋巴     

Irish soil and land-use classifications as predictors of numbers of badgers and badger setts

This study investigated possible associations between soil types, land use and badger numbers in an area of the Irish Midlands where badger removal had been conducted during 1989–1994. For this purpose, the area was divided into approximately 2500 geo-referenced square grids of 0.5°km per side. For the outcomes (setts per grid, badgers per grid and tuberculous badgers per grid), Poisson models of land use, of soil type, and a combination of these two were developed. Influential grids were removed and the models adjusted for over-dispersion in the badger outcomes. Mineral-based soils, dry and very-dry peat soils supported increased numbers of setts and badgers. High-quality pasture was the major land use (pastures often are found on mineral-based soils) and supported increased numbers of setts, badgers, and tuberculous badgers. “Natural” areas also supported more setts and broad-leaf forested areas were associated with increased tuberculous badger numbers. Discontinuous urban areas tended to decrease sett numbers per grid. Hedgerow length was not an important predictor given the information on soil type and land use.

Spatial correlations existed for badger setts in 1°km grids, for badger numbers in 1.5°km grids, and for tuberculous badgers in 2°km grids. The latter two grids have approximately the same area as the territory size used by a social group of badgers. There were no spatial correlations at the smallest (0.5 km) grid size.