伊氏锥虫对安锥赛抗药性机制的初步探讨

选用克隆伊氏锥虫的安锥赛敏感株 C0 1、C0 3和 5个不同程度抗药株 C1、C2、C4、C6、C7,用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离它们的己糖激酶 (HK)、6 -磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶 (G6 PDH)、丙氨酸转氨酶 (AL AT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶 (ASAT)同功酶 ,并测定胆碱酯酶活性。结果 ,这 5种酶与伊氏锥虫对安锥赛产生抗药性无关。用 SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离和测定这 7个样品的粗蛋白质 ,结果相对分子质量为 15 790带在抗药株 C1、C2、C4、C6和 C7含量较高 ,这表明它可能与安锥赛抗药性的产生有一定关系 ;相对分子质量为 1976 0带在高抗药株 C4、C6和 C7的含量很高 ,这表明它可能也与抗药性的产生有一定关系     

伊氏锥虫体外培养的研究——Ⅰ.培养系统的建立

以199培养基添加25.0mmol/L Hepes,5.5mmol/L D 葡萄糖,0.2mmol/L 2-巯基乙醇,2.0mmol/L 丙酮酸钠和2.0mmol/L L 谷氨酰胺为培养液,并加20%的灭活马血清,分别以牛肺成纤维细胞和小牛胸腺成纤维细胞为饲养层细胞组成两种组合;或以同样的培养液改加20%灭活犊牛血清或20%灭活驴血清,以牛肺成纤维细胞作为饲养层细胞组成另两种组合。用这4种组合在37℃和烛缸的气相条件下成功地连续培养伊氏锥虫江苏高邮株60d 以上,培养的虫体对小白鼠的感染性和致病力无明显变化。     

Influence of Trypanosoma evansi in blood, plasma, and brain cholinesterase of experimentally infected cats

Changes in blood, plasma and brain cholinesterase activities in Trypanosoma evansi-infected cats were investigated. Seven animals were infected with 10⁸ trypomastigote forms each and six were used as control. Animals were monitored for 56 days by examining daily blood smears. Blood samples were collected at days 28 and 56 post-inoculation to determine the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in blood and the activity of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) in plasma. AChE was also evaluated in total brain. The activity of AChE in blood and brain, and the activity of BChE in plasma significantly reduced in the infected cats. Therefore, the infection by T. evansi influenced cholinesterases of felines indicating changes in the responses of the cholinergic system.     

Sylvatic Transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi Among Domestic and Wildlife Reservoirs in Texas,USA: A Review of the Historical Literature

Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi infection) is one of the most important neglected tropical diseases affecting the Americas. The transmission dynamic of this parasite is a complicated process that involves three genera of Triatominae subfamily and over 100 known mammalian reservoirs composed of domestic, peridomestic and wildlife species. Understanding the complex relationship between vector species and mammalian hosts is important for preventing transmission to humans. We performed a historical literature review to assess the disease burden in the Texas wildlife and domestic animal population. Reports of sylvatic transmission in Texas date back to the 1940s. We found that up to 23 species can serve as reservoirs for T. cruzi in the state with wood rats, raccoons, and wild and domestic canine species most frequently reported as positive for the parasite. We finish with a discussion of the current research gaps, implications for high‐risk populations and future directions for research.     

国产咪唑苯脲对小鼠和水牛人工感染伊氏锥虫病的治疗试验

应用国产咪唑苯脲,以0.5mg、0.75mg两种剂量及1、2、3 d不同疗程,对人工感染伊氏锥虫的小鼠进行了治疗试验。结果,0.75mg×2 d组连续观察15 d以上,大多数小鼠存活,而未经治疗的对照组小鼠全部死亡。对3头人工感染伊氏锥虫的水牛,以4 mg/kg剂量一次皮下注射治疗后24 h,血液压滴标本检查虫体阴性,但1周后集虫检查和小鼠接种试验均为阳性,后改用3mg/kg×2d疗法,全部治愈。另外3头人工感染伊氏锥虫的水牛,以3mg/kg×2d疗法治疗后,用血液压滴法,集虫法及小鼠接种法检查虫体均为阴性,连续观察3个月未见复发。     

Chemotherapy of surra in horses and mules with diminazene aceturate

During June–July 2000, an outbreak of surra occurred on an equine breeding farm in Khonkaen Province, Thailand. Forty-two percent of pregnant mares aborted or gave stillbirth and 40% (19/47) of horses and 10% (1/10) of mules died from surra. In August 2000 Trypanosoma evansi were detected in the remaining animals (28 horses and nine mules) on the farm by blood smear and/or the haematocrit centrifuge technique. All animals were treated with diminazene aceturate at 3.5 mg/kg body weight by intramuscular injection on days 0 and 41 of the study. Blood samples of eight randomly selected horses and mules were collected on days 0, 1 and once a week until day 56 and examined for T. evansi by various parasitological techniques. The sera were tested for antibodies against T. evansi using an indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

The results revealed that diminazene aceturate at 3.5 mg/kg appeared to be effective in the first treatment of horses and mules infected with T. evansi. Parasites were cleared from the peripheral blood of horses on days 1 and 7 and mules on days 1 and 14. Thereafter the number of positive animals increased. After the second treatment, 50% of horses and 25% of mules were still positive to surra 24 h after treatment demonstrating that diminazene had no protective effect. Mild to severe toxicity of diminazene was seen in the horses and mules after injection.     

A Preliminary Comparative Study of a Dipstick Colloidal Dye Immunoassay and Two Antigen-detection ELISAs for Diagnosis of Trypanosoma evansi Infection in Cattle

A dipstick colloidal dye immunoassay (DIA) was developed for the field diagnosis of Trypanosoma evansi infection using affinity-purified polyclonal antibodies (PcAbs) and the monoclonal antibody (McAb) 8B9. PcAbs were adsorbed onto Palanil Red dye particles and used as dye reagents. Dipsticks were dotted with four different antibodies; normal rabbit and mouse IgGs as negative controls, and anti-T. evansi PcAb and McAb 8B9, which capture trypanosome antigens in the tested samples. Since the dye reagent bound to the captured antigens, the presence of coloured dots on the dipstick identified trypanosome infections. The sensitivity of the DIA was compared with two antigen detection ELISAs (Ag-ELISA); one was PcAb-based and the other was based on a combination of the same Mc- and PcAbs as were employed for the DIA. With a positive serum, the DIA detected trypanosomal antigen up to a dilution of 1:500 for both the PcAb and McAb dots, at which dilution the PcAb- and combination-based Ag-ELISA gave positive OD readings of 0.13 and 0.36, respectively. When 124 field sera were tested, circulating antigens were detected in 51 (41%) samples by the DIA, and 76 (61%) and 49 (40%) samples by the PcAb- and combination-based Ag-ELISAs respectively, of which 48 (63%) and 34 (69%) were also positive by the DIA.     

Trypanosomiasis by Trypanosoma vivax in cattle in the Brazilian semiarid: Description of an outbreak and lesions in the nervous system

An outbreak of trypanosomiasis by Trypanosoma vivax is reported in the semiarid of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil from May to August 2002. Sixty-four cows out of 130 were affected; 11 died and the other recovered after treatment with diminazene aceturate. Affected animals had fever, anemia, weight loss, hypoglycemia, increased serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase and, in nine cows, nervous signs. All cows with nervous signs died; six of them recovered after treatment, but the disease relapsed. Six cows aborted and one delivered a calf that died immediately after parturition. Thirty-two out of 100 calves were affected and five died. Nervous signs were not observed in the calves. Gross lesions were thickening of the meninges, enlarged lymph nodes and prominent white pulp of the spleen. The main histological lesion was meningoencephalitis and malacia in the brain of cows with nervous signs. No antibodies against trypanosomes were found in 33 blood samples collected before the outbreak in the affected farm and in 29 samples collected at the same time in two other neighbor farms. Until January 2003, all 89 animals tested had antibodies against T. vivax, suggesting the occurrence of sub clinical infections in cattle without clinical signs. Only two out of 85 serum samples collected on April 2004 were positive for T. vivax antibodies. Data obtained suggested that the semiarid region is non-endemic for trypanosomiasis and that disease occurred due to introduction of the parasite in a susceptible population after an apparent rise in the Tabanus spp. population.     

不同地理株伊氏锥虫灭活苗交叉免疫保护及免疫方法研究

用伊氏锥虫湖北株和广西株制备纯虫灭活苗和含血灭活苗,经小鼠１次、２次免疫,再经强毒伊氏锥虫湖北株、广西株和江苏株交叉攻击。结果湖北株纯虫灭活苗２次免疫鼠,对同株（湖北株）获得３０／３０保护,对异株即广西株和江苏株分别获０／１０和７／１０保护,该苗一次免疫鼠对同株仅获得５／１０保护。广西株纯虫灭活苗２次免疫鼠对同株（广西株）获２０／２０保护,对异株即湖北株和江苏株分别获得０／１０和４／１０保护。含血湖北株伊氏锥虫灭活苗对同株无保护作用,１３只免疫小鼠全部死亡,对江苏株（异株）为９／１０死亡。对照小鼠全部发病死亡。交叉免疫保护试验结果说明,纯虫灭活苗经两次免疫后对伺株虫体产生坚强的免疫保护作用,免疫保护率达１００％,不同地理株伊氏锥虫因抗原变异现象出现不同的免疫保护作用。两次免疫接种小鼠其免疫保护效果比一次免疫的效果好。疫苗中如含有大量非特异物质,虫苗的免疫保护作用将完全丧失。稳定试验表明,灭活苗在室温下保存１个月,在４℃、－２０℃下保存６个月,免疫效果不变。