木霉菌和灰霉菌相互作用关系的初步研究

对灰霉菌(Botrytis cinerea)和木霉菌BTW41(Trichoderma atroviride)之间相互关系作了初步研究。研究发现木霉菌具有较强的营养竞争能力,BTW41与灰霉菌的对峙菌落接触处,可见灰霉菌菌丝被木霉菌菌丝大量寄生,受到严重破坏,并且灰霉菌菌丝有消解现象。不同木霉菌株对番茄灰霉病的防效不同,BTW41的防效能够达到60.99%。施入叶片上的生防木霉菌孢子应达到一定浓度才会有效地定殖,进而起生防作用,灰霉菌对木霉菌在番茄叶片上定殖有影响。从以往所做的试验来看,木霉菌孢子浓度在108个孢子/mL以上时,对灰霉病的防效较好。     

香菇品种抗霉力的测定

本研究对３０个香菇品种抗霉力进行了测定。根据香菇长势和对木霉抗性情况，香菇的抗霉力基本可划分为三种类型：即抗霉力较强，抗霉力一般和不抗木霉。初步测定出抗霉力强的香菇品种为：１２、Ｃｒ０２、香６、０８７、Ｗ４、Ｌ－ｆ、广香４７、农７、Ｌ３３、Ｌｃ３、５０７、２４１。     

A mini-bag technique for evaluation of fungicide effects on Trichoderma spp in mushroom compost

An in vivo technique was developed to observe colonisation of mushroom compost by Trichoderma spp. Isolates of T. harzianum (Th2), T. harzianum (Th1), T. koningii (Tk) and T. viride (Tv) were artificially introduced into compost using a mini-bag system. Wheat grains, colonised by Trichoderma spp, were placed centrally on a layer of compost at the bottom of 1-litre polythene bags which were then filled with 350 g of spawned or un-spawned compost, and partially sealed. After 14 and 21 days incubation at 27 degrees C, the bags were assessed for recovery of Trichoderma from middle and top zones using a needle stab re-isolation technique and a visual colonisation scoring system. Visible green mould contamination, similar to that observed in practice, developed within 21 days. The visual colonisation scoring was reliably related to the re-isolation success. In this evaluation, Trichoderma spp showed considerable differences in their relative abilities to colonise spawned and un-spawned compost, with Th2 isolates being consistently superior to the other isolates of Th1, Tk and Tv in colonising spawned compost. This technique was employed to evaluate the effects of fungicides on the colonisation of mushroom compost by three Trichoderma spp: Th2, Th1 and Tk, using 1-litre and 5-litre mini-bag systems. Aqueous suspensions of benomyl, carbendazim, thiabendazole, prochloraz and prochloraz+carbendazim incorporated into the compost at 50 mg litre(-1), or applied to spawn at 50 mg kg(-1), reduced the colonisation by Trichoderma spp. Prochloraz and prochloraz+carbendazim were superior to benomyl, carbendazim or thiabendazole in reducing compost colonisation by Th2, Th1 and Tk, with Th2 being the most persistent type, capable of colonising treated compost in the presence of all five fungicides. The prochloraz+carbendazim mixture, not normally used in mushroom production, was equal to or better than prochloraz alone. The incidence of green mould colonisation by Th2 was as extensive in the 5-litre compost bags as in the 1-litre bags, but colonisation by Th1 and Tk was more apparent in the 5-litre bags. The in vivo mini-bag evaluations using wheat grain Trichoderma inoculum and needle stab re-isolation procedures proved an efficient method for studying colonisation and screening for effectiveness of fungicides applied to mushroom compost or spawn.     

绿色木霉产孢条件的优化

通过测定不同条件下绿色木霉的产孢量,研究氮源、碳源、生物激活剂、培养温度和时间等因素对产孢量的影响。结果表明:当绿色木霉的培养基中氮源、碳源分别为3‰的硝酸钠和1%的蔗糖时,生物激活剂的添加量为2‰,在30℃环境中培养4 d时,其产孢量较为理想。     

Involvement of Cylindrocarpon destructans in root death of Pinus sylvestris seedlings: Pathogenic behaviour and predisposing factors

The common rhizospheric fungus Cylindrocarpon destructans was investigated in relation to its role in root death of Pinus sylvestris in Nordic nurseries and plantations. Laboratory methods were developed for studying similar root problems as well as the early effects of phytotoxicity and fungal infection. Seedlings grown under standardized optimal conditions were exposed to controlled stress (known to occur in nurseries), with or without C. destructans in the rhizosphere. Low light conditions, anaerobic root environment, and fungicide treatment were each found to predispose pine seedlings to invasion by the pathogen. The pathogen was very sensitive to competition as well as antagonism on the root, and fungicide‐induced inhibition of antagonists such as Trichoderma spp. also increased the severity of attack by the pathogen. To compete successfully, the pathogen would have to invade and dominate weakened roots prior to the arrival of saprophytes. Toxic metabolites produced by the pathogen weakened or killed nearby root tissues, and pathogen metabolites seemed to prevent saprophytes from taking hold in the infected roots. Such heavily infected, dead roots may act as inoculum sources allowing the pathogen to invade adjacent living roots, even healthy ones. Dead roots left in nursery soil after earlier harvests may act as reservoirs of inoculum for long periods and pose a threat to new plants.     

利用三种梢栖真菌生物防治落叶松枯梢病的研究

从落叶松梢栖真菌筛选出对落叶松枯梢病病原菌有抑制作用的菌株,对落叶松枯梢病进行生物防治。将自落叶松梢部分离到的11种梢栖真菌与落叶松枯梢病病原菌进行对峙培养,根据被覆盖程度、抑菌率、拮抗系数和防治预试验的结果,综合评价后发现:粪生粪壳、深绿木霉和球毛壳3种梢栖真菌对落叶松枯梢病有良好的拮抗作用。利用这3个菌株在黑龙江省勃利县通天一林场国富沟进行林间防治试验,结果表明:防治效果为粪生粪壳>代森锰锌400倍液>深绿木霉>球毛壳;深绿木霉和粪生粪壳喷洒浓度50%和球毛壳喷洒浓度75%时,真菌多样性最多,梢栖真菌系统较其他浓度更为稳定,与化学防治相比,既达到了防治目的又具有不污染环境的优势。     

日本落叶松根腐病病原丝核菌拮抗菌的研究

日本落叶松根腐病是由立枯丝核菌(RhizoctoriasalaniKhn.)引起的一种危害严重的侵染性病害,它腐烂树根,传染蔓延迅速。该病原还同时严重危害苗木,引起苗木大量发生立枯病。为了寻求一种有效抑制该病害的方法,从花盆土中分离到1株木霉菌(Trichodenmasp),采用对峙法研究其对丝核菌的抑菌作用。结果表明:该木霉菌株对丝核菌有明显的拮抗作用。将该菌株用于日本落叶松育苗和移栽生产中,可预防和减轻根腐病的发生。     

Eight New Peptaibols from Sponge-Associated Trichoderma atroviride

Eight new and four known peptaibols were isolated from a strain of the fungus, Trichoderma atroviride (NF16), which was cultured from an Axinellid sponge collected from the East Mediterranean coast of Israel. The structures of the pure compounds were determined using HRMS, MS/MS and one- and two-dimensional NMR measurements. The isolated compounds belong to the trichorzianines, a family of 19-residue linear hydrophobic peptides containing a high proportion of α-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib), an acetylated N-terminus and a C-terminal amino alcohol. These new peptaibols exhibited antimicrobial activity against environmental bacteria isolated from the Mediterranean coast of Israel.     

绿色木霉固态发酵产纤维素酶条件研究

[目的]为了优化绿色木霉固态发酵产纤维素酶的条件。[方法]采用固态发酵方法对绿色木霉产纤维素酶的条件进行了研究,分别考察培养时间、培养温度、接种量、含水量和麸皮含量对纤维素酶活力的影响。[结果]不同因素对固态发酵条件下纤维素酶活的影响有明显的变化趋势。通过正交试验,得出绿色木霉固态产酶发酵的最优条件是培养温度30℃,培养时间5 d,接种量5%,含水量250%。[结论]该研究为绿色木霉对秸秆的转化应用提供了理论依据。     

哈茨木霉TC对辣椒促生效果的研究

[目的]明确哈茨木霉（Trichodermaspp．）TC菌剂对辣椒（CapsicumannumLinn．）的促生效果。[方法]应用哈茨木霉TC菌剂对辣椒种子进行拌种和浸种处理,且在移栽时施用不同重量比例的木霉菌剂处理。[结果]二种种子处理方法均能增强辣椒种子的活力,提高发芽率,降低倒伏率,其中以拌种处理的效果最明显。移栽时施用一定比例（木霉：土为1：10）的木霉菌剂,对辣椒后期株高和叶片面积的促进作用最好,且能提前开花、挂果。[结论]木霉对辣椒具有一定的促生作用。