退化红壤不同治理模式对土壤肥力的影响

采取4种不同治理模式对福建省长汀县花岗岩区红壤严重侵蚀地进行治理,1992年对各治理模式及相应对照的土壤化学性质、土壤微生物、土壤酶活性、土壤呼吸作用进行研究,结果表明,治理后土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌数量及微生物总数明显增加,土壤水解性酶和氧化还原酶活性及土壤呼吸作用强度得到显著的加强,土壤养分贮量和速效养分供应强度得到明显改善,土壤肥力得到不同程度的恢复。表明采用合适的生物措施,辅以必要的工程措施,是改善严重退化红壤肥力有效途径之一。     

北京山区天然次生林群落结构与种群分布格局研究——以雾灵山自然保护区为例

在北京雾灵山自然保护区天然次生林内,设置了2个有代表性的固定标准地,应用相邻格子法获得野外调查资料,进行优势种群结构和空间分布格局的研究。结果表明：（1）以山杨为优势种群的群落Ⅰ和以蒙椴为优势种群的群落Ⅱ年龄结构呈塔型,群落高度结构呈“L”型,幼苗相当丰富,天然更新能力强。（2）山杨种群、白桦种群、黑桦种群均为衰退种群,蒙椴种群表现为增长型种群。（3）在分布格局上,不同群落优势种群均呈集群分布,白桦伴生种群呈随机分布,黑桦种群在不同群落中分布格局差异较大。不同群落在整体上呈集群分布,但不同发育阶段,分布格局有所差异,幼树和中树阶段为集群分布,中树阶段显示出扩散的趋势,大树阶段为随机分布,这种差异与其生物学和生态学特性及物种的竞争有密切联系。     

长江三角洲地区地表水污染的模式与对策

On the basis of field investigations, observations and experimental data combined with environmental monitoring information, the status and the spatial and temporal patterns of surface water pollution over thepast ten years in the Yangtze River Delta have been assessed. The water quality of large rivers is still verygood but most of the medium-sized and small rivers have been very seriously polluted. The appearance of black and odorous conditions in rivers in the urban areas has increased due to serious pollution by organic matter with consequent high oxygen demand. Annual increases in N and P concentrations in lakes haveaccelerated eutrophication. The water quality of rivers in small towns is rapidly deteriorating. The mainsources of surface water pollution include industrial and domestic sewage, animal manures, chemical fertilizersin farmland, and polluted sediments in rivers and lakes.Counter measures against these sources of pollution are presented. Regional laws and regulations for protection of surface waters and their enforcement are urgently required. A regional water environmental management agency should be established. The construction of sewage treatment plants of varying capacity must be accelerated to increase the proportion of sewage treated and to improve the quality of treated effluent. Animal wastes must be recycled effectively and efficiently, and the application rates of fertilizers and manures must be balanced with crop nutrient requirements to prevent diffuse pollution from agriculture. The comprehensive rehabilitation of medium-sized and small rivers should be intensified, and the delimitation and protection of the areas used as sources of drinking water should be strengthened.     

Simulating the effects of different disturbance regimes on Cortaderia selloana invasion

Disturbances favour plant invasions because they provide a pulse of resources for seedling establishment and growth. However, little attention has been paid to the importance of the different disturbance regimes in the extent of invasion. In this paper we asked to what extent invasion depends on spatial and temporal patterns of disturbance. By using the spatially explicit model Fateland, we simulated how Cortaderia selloana, a large-wind dispersed perennial grass invading Mediterranean grasslands, responds to different medium-term (up to 55 years) disturbance regimes. The different scenarios combine disturbance frequency, extent of disturbance and temporal and spatial disturbance variability, and they roughly mimic real situations of habitat management and disturbances in cultural landscapes.The model predicted that the proportion of invaded area would increase with disturbance frequency. The extent of the disturbance overcame the importance of frequency. Aggregated disturbances randomly distributed in space had a more positive effect on invasion than scattered disturbances at repeatedly fixed locations. Whether the disturbances regularly occurred in time or were irregularly distributed did not influence the percentage of invaded landscape. Our simulation analysis unambiguously supports the hypothesis that disturbances are essential for the persistence and expansion of Cortaderia sellona. The high amount of seed rain from a few individuals (e.g., gardens) make this species very sensitive to landscape changes produced by different disturbance patterns (e.g., land abandonment, habitat management or rubbish dumping). Our results can contribute to redirect land management options.     

北京山区天然次生林群落结构与种群分布格局研究——以雾灵山自然保护区为例

在北京雾灵山自然保护区天然次生林内,设置了2个有代表性的固定标准地,应用相邻格子法获得野外调查资料,进行优势种群结构和空间分布格局的研究。结果表明:(1)以山杨为优势种群的群落I和以蒙椴为优势种群的群落II年龄结构呈塔型,群落高度结构呈"L"型,幼苗相当丰富,天然更新能力强。(2)山杨种群、白桦种群、黑桦种群均为衰退种群,蒙椴种群表现为增长型种群。(3)在分布格局上,不同群落优势种群均呈集群分布,白桦伴生种群呈随机分布,黑桦种群在不同群落中分布格局差异较大。不同群落在整体上呈集群分布,但不同发育阶段,分布格局有所差异,幼树和中树阶段为集群分布,中树阶段显示出扩散的趋势,大树阶段为随机分布,这种差异与其生物学和生态学特性及物种的竞争有密切联系。     

基于SPH法的植保机高花纹轮牵引性能研究

植保机存在水稻田土壤时行走困难,牵引性能差等问题,以植保机高花纹驱动轮为研究对象,基于SPH(光滑流体粒子动力学法)建立植保机驱动轮-土壤有限元模型,以植保机高花纹轮结构参数中花纹深度,花纹倾斜角及花纹宽度为三个因素,以挂钩牵引力和牵引效率为牵引性能指标,利用ANSYS显式动力学求解模块LS-DYNA对驱动轮在水稻田土间行走进行仿真分析,通过正交试验法分析各因素对驱动轮土壤间行走牵引性能的影响规律,经过多目标优化,花纹深度50 mm、花纹倾斜角为80°、花纹宽度121.87 mm时可以获得最优的牵引性能,较原始值挂钩牵引力提高249 N,牵引效率提高15.51%,该结果为后期的驱动轮结构设计优化提供参考。     

我国专利实施与产业化对策研究

针对我国专利产业化的现状和存在的问题,本文分析了国内外专利产业化的四种模式及其特点,在此基础上,结合我国企业的实际情况,提出了推进专利产业化的对策和措施。     

Spatial patterns of ecohydrologic properties on a hillslope-alluvial fan transect,central New Mexico

Spatial patterns of soil properties are linked to patchy vegetation in arid and semi-arid landscapes. The patterns of soil properties are generally assumed to be linked to the ecohydrological functioning of patchy dryland vegetation ecosystems. We studied the effects of vegetation canopy, its spatial pattern, and landforms on soil properties affecting overland flow and infiltration in shrublands at the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge/LTER in central New Mexico, USA. We studied the patterns of microtopography and saturated conductivity (Ksat), and generally found it to be affected by vegetation canopy and pattern, as well as landform type. On gently sloping alluvial fans, both microtopography and Ksat are high under vegetation canopy and decay with distance from plant center. On steeper hillslope landforms, only microtopography was significantly higher under vegetation canopy, while there was no significant difference in Ksat between vegetation and interspaces. Using geostatistics, we found that the spatial pattern of soil properties was determined by the spatial pattern of vegetation. Most importantly, the effects of vegetation were present in the unvegetated interspaces 2–4 times the extent of vegetation canopy, on the order of 2–3 m. Our results have implications for the understanding the ecohydrologic function of semi-arid ecosystems as well as the parameterization of hydrologic models.     

春育夏栽棉产量构成因素与品质空间分布模型研究

采用五元二次旋转回归设计田间试验，通过建立各类数学模型的统计分析得出，力争公顷铃数、兼顾铃重，是获得高产的主攻方向。摸清了各产量因素间相互制约、此长彼消的变化规律与不同皮棉产量的产量结构指标。明确狠抓中下部果枝１～２果节内围优质铃、运用适期早栽、合理密植、肥促化控等综合农艺措施，是实现优质高产最佳产量结构的症结     

Resistance in spelt wheat to yellow rust

Summary Seven spelt wheat accessions of different origin were hybridized with the susceptible bread wheat cultivar Taichung 29 in order to study the genetics of their resistance to yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis Westend. f. sp. tritici). One Iranian and five European accessions were found to carry Yr5 of Triticum aestivum ssp. spelta var. album, whereas a factor for resistance in the Iranian accession 415 was confirmed to be genetically distinct from Yr5. The alleles for resistance in each of the accessions studied showed a monogenic dominant mode of inheritance. Twenty-eight spelt wheat accessions, including those studied for their resistance to yellow rust, were subjected to polyacrylamide-gel-electrophoresis to study variation for gliadin storage protein patterns. Thirteen distinct patterns were revealed, implying the presence of duplicates within the studied spelt wheat collection.