库布齐沙地三种植物光合、蒸腾特性和水分利用效率研究

采用LI-6400便携式光合系统,对库布齐沙地建群种油蒿以及人工栽培植物塔落岩黄芪和沙打旺的光合作用、蒸腾作用及水分利用效率进行了研究。结果表明,库布齐沙地的油蒿表现出高光合、高蒸腾的特点,其净光合速率和蒸腾速率均大于塔落岩黄芪和沙打旺,但水分利用效率较低;塔落岩黄芪表现出高光合、低蒸腾的特点,水分利用效率较高;沙打旺表现出低光合、低蒸腾的特点,水分利用效率介于油蒿和塔落岩黄芪之间。油蒿与塔落岩黄芪的净光合速率日变化呈明显的双峰曲线,沙打旺只在16∶00出现一个单峰。气孔导度和光合有效辐射作为重要的生理因子和主要环境因子分别影响着三种植物净光合速率和蒸腾速率的变化。     

芦苇生理需水量的测定

芦苇一生中需要消耗大量水分,掌握蒸腾、蒸发全部耗水过程和各时期需水规律,是制定合理灌溉制度的重要依据。根据芦苇各生育阶段的生理需水性,确定合理的灌溉定额,适时灌水。在水源不足的情况下应首先保证芦苇需水高峰用水。     

绿萝的光合特性研究

摘 要：本研究以绿萝为试材,研究了不同天气条件下即晴天和阴天条件下对绿萝净光合速率（Pn）、细胞间隙CO2浓度（Ci）、气孔导度（Gs）、蒸腾速率（Tr）的影响。结果表明：绿萝净光合速率全天中晴天的极显著高于阴天的,其中晴天的在上午10：45左右达到全天净光合速率最高峰,在17：15为全天的最低值,而阴天测量的上午净光合速率较低,在10：45为全天最低值,12：45左右为全天最高峰;细胞间隙CO2浓度,晴天的和阴天的变化趋势相同,但自8：15至13：15,阴天的普遍高于晴天测量的,自13：15至17：15则相反,晴天的均高于阴天测量的;气孔导度和蒸腾速率日变化,不同天气条件下也明显不同,晴天测量的气孔导度呈双峰曲线,蒸腾速率呈三峰曲线,而阴天所测的气孔导度和蒸腾速率均未表现峰值变化。     

Factors affecting diurnal stem contraction in young Douglas-fir

Diurnal fluctuation in a tree's stem diameter is a function of daily growth and of the tree's water balance, as water is temporarily stored in the relatively elastic outer cambial and phloem tissues. On a very productive site in southwestern Washington, U.S.A., we used recording dendrometers to monitor stem diameter fluctuations of Douglas-fir at plantation ages 7 and 8 and related the fluctuations to environmental variables measured on-site. Growing-season diurnal stem contraction (DSC) averaged 0.21% of stem diameter, while dormant-season DSC averaged 0.03% of stem diameter. Maximum daily stem diameter generally occurred between 7:00 and 9:00 Pacific Standard Time (PST) and minimum stem diameter occurred between 17:00 and 20:00 PST. Diurnal stem contraction during the growing season was predicted by a model that included vapor pressure deficit and solar radiation (adjusted R² = 0.84). A similar model predicted DSC during the dormant season with an adjusted R² = 0.26. Soil water availability was high, and soil water content was not correlated with DSC. On four of the coldest winter days (mean daytime air temperature <0 °C), large decreases in stem diameter were observed. Recording dendrometers, used for continuous diameter measurements throughout the growing season, have the potential to provide important information not only on tree growth but also on a tree's water balance.     

Responses of transpiration and canopy conductance to partial defoliation of Eucalyptus globulus trees

Partial defoliation has been shown to affect the water relations and transpiration (gas exchange) of plants. Over one growing season, the water relations in response to partial (∼45%) defoliation were examined in four-year-old Eucalyptus globulus trees in southern Australia. Daily maximum transpiration rates (E_max), maximum canopy conductance (GCmax), and diurnal patterns of tree water-use were measured over a period of 215 days using the heat-pulse technique in adjacent control (non-defoliated) and defoliated trees. Sap-flux measurements were used to estimate canopy conductance and soil-to-leaf hydraulic conductance (K_P); leaf water potential (Ψ) and climate data were also collected. Following the removal of the upper canopy layer, defoliated trees exhibited compensatory responses in transpiration rate and canopy conductance of the remaining foliage. Defoliated E. globulus had similar predawn but higher midday Ψ_l, transpiration rates (E), canopy conductance (G_C) and K_P compared to the non-defoliated controls, possibly in response to increased water supply per unit leaf area demonstrated by higher midday Ψ_l. Higher E in defoliated E. globulus trees was the result of higher G_C in the morning and early afternoon. This paper also incorporates the cumulative effect of defoliation, in a phenomenological model of maximum canopy conductance of E. globulus. These results contribute to a mechanistic understanding of plant responses to defoliation, in particular the often observed up-regulation of photosynthesis that also occurs in response to defoliation.     

南方现代化温室黄瓜夏季蒸腾研究

 温室作物蒸腾不仅直接影响到温室内空气温湿度 ,而且是现代温室中确定合理的作物肥水灌溉控制目标的主要依据。研究采用Penman Monteith方程模拟南方现代化温室黄瓜在夏季高温高湿条件下的蒸腾速率 ,并通过冠层微气候和蒸腾速率观测 ,分析了影响蒸腾的主要温室环境因素。结果表明 ,Penman Monteith方程模拟黄瓜夏季蒸腾速率结果较为可靠且模型具有一定的鲁棒性。温室黄瓜夏季蒸腾速率随辐射强度 (净辐射 )和空气饱和水汽压差 (VPD)的增加而线性增大 ,但蒸腾速率日最大值出现时间较净辐射滞后而与VPD较为一致。     

苹果开心形树冠不同部位光合与蒸腾能力的研究

 以18年生开心形富士苹果(Malus pumila Mill. ‘Red Fuji’) 为试材, 定点测定了冠层不同部位晴天时的光照分布、气孔导度、光合速率和蒸腾速率。结果表明, 树冠外围的光照强度、单叶光合能力比较高, 内膛、中部和外围叶片最大光合速率分别为13.46、14.69和15.98μmol·m^{- 2} ·s^{- 1}。气孔导度、光合速率和水分利用效率的日变化呈双峰曲线, 而蒸腾速率呈单峰曲线, 在中午外围叶片的蒸腾速率略有降低。内膛、中部和外围叶片在晴天的平均光合速率分别为4.53、6.63和6.54μmol·m^{- 2} ·s^{- 1} , 平均蒸腾速率分别为3.36、4.06和4.40μmol·m^{- 2} ·s^{- 1}。这说明苹果在冠层不同部位的光合与蒸腾能力存在一定的差别, 冠层中部的光合速率和水分利用效率最大, 外围的蒸腾能力最强, 内膛最差。     

不同夏玉米品种在冀东地区适应性研究

比较了5个夏玉米品种在冀东地区适应性。结果表明:先锋32T24产量最高,但易倒伏;高优1号和郑单958综合性状较好,适宜本地区种植;登海3707和燕202产量较低,不适宜本地区种植。     

条锈菌侵染对小麦光合作用和蒸腾作用的影响

以小麦秀锈菌条中29号小种（CY－29）衣发接种感病品种辉县红和铭贤169，采用LI－6200型光合系统仪对小麦发病旗叶的光合作用和蒸腾作用进行监测。结果表明，不同严重度小麦病叶光合作用和蒸腾作用的日变化明显不同。轻度病叶（严重度为5％）光合作用和蒸腾作用的日变化与健叶相似，水分利用效率轻微下降。轻度病叶仍可有效控制水分的蒸腾散失，光合作用主要受气孔因素控制。中度病叶（严重度为40％0和重度病叶（严重度为80％）光合作用和蒸腾作用的日变化与健叶明显不同，病叶蒸腾作用在午前已大幅升高，并在此后一直保持很高的蒸腾水平，组织相对含水量大幅下降，光合作用和水分利用效率显著降低。中度和重度病叶完全丧失了控制水分散失的能力，光合作用主要受非气孔因素限制。中度和重度病叶光合作用的大幅降低不仅与叶绿素含量的明确下降有关，而且与叶绿素光合活性的下降有着密切的关系。     

CO2体积分数倍增对4种植物幼苗气体交换及水分利用效率的影响

在CO2体积分数倍增的条件下,研究了油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)、侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)、元宝枫(Acer truncatum)和刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)叶片的气体交换及水分利用效率的变化。结果表明:CO2体积分数倍增条件下,4个树种的净光合速率均高于对照,油松、侧柏和元宝枫的日平均蒸腾速率分别较对照降低4.2%、17.5%和29.9%,其水分利用效率的日变化明显高于对照,分别提高25.6%、42.1%和52.2%。在CO2体积分数倍增条件下培养30、60和90d后,植物的水分利用效率明显提高,90d时油松、侧柏、刺槐和元宝枫分别为对照的224.9%、162.9%、154.3%和108.1%。