温室小气候测量试验设计及其夏季蒸腾研究

温室内小气候环境参数的有效观测关系到温室小气候模拟模型的精度，而温室内作物的蒸腾既影响到潜热和显热交换，又是确定温室作物肥水灌溉的主要依据。本研究设计了一套用于温室小气候和作物蒸腾测量的试验装置，并在夏季南方现代化温室内进行了观测。结果分析表明，试验装置可以用于温室小气候的测量，且波恩比法适于对夏季高温、高湿条件下南方现代化温室中作物蒸腾的模拟，夏季温室内蒸腾速率随净辐射和空气饱和冠层水汽压差的增加而线性增大，蒸腾速率对冠层以上不同高度水汽压差的变化不敏感。     

Whole-tree water balance and indicators for short-term drought stress in non-bearing ‘Barnea’ olives

Drainage-weighing lysimeters allowed monitoring of water balance components of non-bearing olive (Olea europaea cv Barnea) trees over a 3-month period including short-term events of controlled but severe water stress. The objective of the study was to evaluate a variety of soil and plant-based water status and drought stress monitoring methods on the basis of tree-scale evapotranspiration (ET). As the trees entered into and recovered from water stress, meteorological data, actual ET (ET_a), soil water content and changes in leaf turgor pressure were continuously monitored. Additionally, midday measurements of stem water potential, stomatal conductance, canopy temperature, and quantum yield of PSII photochemistry were conducted. Diurnal (dawn to dusk) measurements of all the above were made hourly on days of maximum stress. Shoot elongation rate was measured for periods of stress and recovery. Quantum yield of PSII photochemistry, stomatal conductance, and stem water potential all successfully indicated reductions in whole-tree water consumption beginning at moderate stress levels. These measured parameters fully recovered to the levels of non-stressed trees soon after water application was renewed. Shoot elongation was reduced 25-30% for the 10-day period during and following drought and recovered thereafter to levels of non-stressed trees. Whole-tree ET_a was reduced by as much as 20% even following full recovery of the leaf level parameters, suggesting reduced canopy size and growth due to the stress period. Non-destructive, continuous (turgor pressure) and remotely sensed (canopy temperature) methods showed promising potential for monitoring effects of water stress, in spite of technological and data interpretation challenges requiring further attention.     

土壤水分胁迫对杜仲叶片光合及水分利用特征的影响

通过实验研究了华北石质山区4种不同土壤水分条件下3a生杜仲苗木叶片光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、气孔限制值(Ls)、水分利用效率(WUE)等参数的光响应过程。结果表明:(1)杜仲叶片在土壤水分轻度(W1)、中度(W2)和重度(W3)胁迫条件下的光饱和点分别比对照(CK)下降12.5%、44.8%、68.5%,晴天日光合速率最大值分别比对照(CK)下降21.5%、47%、69.7%;(2)叶片蒸腾速率(Tr)呈现随光合有效辐射(PAR)增加而上升的趋势。对比CK,Tr在W1、W2和W3条件下分别下降了17%、52%和93%;(3)Gs随着PAR的增加而逐渐上升。对比CK,Gs在W1、W2和W3条件下分别下降了22.6%、67.9%、88.7%。从无水分胁迫一直到中度水分胁迫条件下,气孔限制是影响光合作用的主要原因,而土壤水分严重胁迫条件下,当PAR小于1000μmol.m-2.s-1时,气孔限制是影响光合作用的主要原因,尔后转变为非气孔限制;(4)叶片水分利用效率(WUE)对光强的适应范围比较广,W3条件下,WUE值最高。CK、W1、W2条件下,WUE相差不大,对比W3,分别下降68.6%、69.5%、67.3%。     

芋组培苗移栽驯化期的光合特性

 对芋组培苗在移栽驯化过程中的生理指标进行了测定, 结果表明: 其叶片叶绿素含量、表观量子产额、羧化效率、净光合速率随驯化时间的延长逐渐增加, 而蒸腾速率和气孔导度则呈下降趋势, 说明移栽驯化可以增强组培苗对环境的适应能力和自养能力。     

向日葵花期叶片蒸腾特性时空变化及其与环境因子的相关性研究

向日葵叶片在盛花期的蒸腾特性研究结果表明：向日葵不同叶位的蒸腾作用明显不同。最高峰出现在中上部位叶片。最大值是12叶位,为23．44μE(H2O).m^-2.s^-1。一天中最高峰时间在12：30,不同叶位的蒸腾速度的日变化均呈单峰曲线,环境因子对蒸腾作用的影响不是单一的直接作用。并且每种因子对蒸腾作用的影响在日变化中明显不同。早8：30光量子通量密度和叶片温度与蒸腾作用均呈极显著正相关,相对湿度在早8：30和上午10：30都呈极显著正相关,其他时间均呈不显著正相关。在上午10：30和14：30时。光量子通量密度与蒸腾作用呈负相关。中午12：30和晚上18：30呈不显著正相关;叶片温度在上午10：30与蒸腾作用呈负相关外,其他时间均呈不显著正相关。     

Potato and Human Exploration of Space: Some Observations from NASA-Sponsored Controlled Environment Studies

Future space exploration by humans will require reliable supplies of food, oxygen and clean water to sustain the expeditions. Potato is one of several crops being studied for such a “life support” role. Tests sponsored by the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) confirmed the well-known short day tendencies for tuberisation, but also revealed that some cvs. (e.g., Norland, Denali and Russet Burbank) could tuberise well under continuous high light. Horticultural tests showed that plants grew well and tuberised readily using a nutrient film technique (NFT). CO₂ enrichment studies with potato showed typical C₃ responses in photosynthesis and yield, with maximum rates occurring near 1000 μmol mol⁻¹. The highest tuber yields from these controlled environment studies reached 19.7 kg FM m⁻² or equivalent to nearly 200 t ha⁻¹. This equated to a productivity of 38 g m⁻² DM m⁻² day⁻¹. Stand evapotranspiration (ET) rates ranged from 3.4 to 5.2 l m⁻² day⁻¹ throughout growth, while maximum ET rates for canopies could approach 10 l m⁻² day⁻¹. Harvest indices (tuber DM/total DM) typically ranged from 0.7 to 0.8, indicating that waste (inedible) biomass from potato would be less than that from many other crops. An experiment was conducted in 1995 on NASA’s Space Shuttle using excised potato leaves to study tuber formation at axillary buds during spaceflight. The results showed that tubers formed equally well in space as in the ground controls, indicating that reduced gravity should not be an impediment to tuberisation.     

翅果油树净光合速率日变化及其主要影响因子

对翅果油树叶片净光合速率日变化进行了测定,并分析其与蒸腾速率、胞间CO2浓度等光合参数及环境因子的关系.结果表明:翅果油树叶片净光合速率日变化呈"双峰"曲线,具有明显的光合"午休"现象,最高峰分别出现在9:00和15:00,变化范围在1.25～11.35 μmol·m-2·s-1之间;11:00～12:00引起净光合速率降低的主要因素是气孔限制因素,9:00～11:00、15:00～19:00则为非气孔限制因素.净光合速率与光合参数的关系在一天中不同时段表现不同,6:00～9:00、15:00～19:00叶片净光合速率与蒸腾速率和气孔导度呈极显著正相关,与胞间CO2浓度呈极显著负相关;9:00～12:00叶片净光合速率与胞间CO2浓度、气孔导度分别呈显著和极显著正相关,与蒸腾速率呈不显著负相关;12:00～15:00叶片净光合速率与蒸腾速率和气孔导度呈显著正相关,而与胞间CO2浓度呈不显著正相关.6:00～9:00影响叶片净光合速率的主要环境因子及其作用大小为光合有效辐射>胞间CO2浓度,且前者表现为正效应,后者表现为负效应;9:00～12:00为光合有效辐射>空气CO2浓度,且前者表现为负效应,后者表现为正效应;12:00～15:00为空气相对湿度,表现为正效应;15:00～19:00为光合有效辐射>空气温度,两者均表现为正效应.     

柠条蒸腾特征及影响因子的研究

试验研究柠条蒸腾特征及影响因子结果表明,柠条蒸腾日变化呈明显双峰型,峰值分别出现在11:00和15:00,其日平均蒸腾速率为4.51mmol/m2.s;影响柠条蒸腾强度的主要因子为气温、空气相对湿度和土壤含水量。     

木岩黄芪水分关系的研究

本文选用水势、持水力、蒸腾强度等指标,分析了木岩黄芪的水分关系。在研究生境旱化的基础上,探讨了木岩黄芪的生长和繁殖与干旱的关系。     

不同光照条件下白车轴草光合日变化分析

以白车轴草为材料,在全日照和全遮荫的条件下,对白车轴草的光生理变化进行了研究.结果表明:白车轴草在全日照条件下净光合速率显著高于全遮荫条件,且净光合速率、蒸腾速率日变化均为双峰曲线,午休现象是由于气孔因素引起.气孔导度日变化与净光舍速率日变化趋势一致.胞间CO2浓度与净光合速率呈负相关.全遮荫条件下白车轴草净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度全天曲线变化与全光照条件不同.