家榆和金叶榆光合·蒸腾及荧光参数对水分胁迫的响应

[目的]探讨家榆和金叶榆抗旱能力的差异。[方法]设置4个土壤水分梯度,用2年生家榆和金叶榆幼苗进行盆栽控水试验,利用GFS-3000便携式光合作用荧光测量系统测定试验苗的光合、蒸腾和荧光参数。[结果]随水分胁迫程度的加剧,家榆和金叶榆光合速率、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率、气孔导度均呈下降趋势;水分胁迫程度越高,金叶榆光合速率比家榆下降的幅度越小;在重度水分胁迫条件下,金叶榆的蒸腾速率、非光化学猝灭明显低于家榆,叶片气孔导度、叶绿素荧光参数光化学猝灭则明显高于家榆。[结论]在干旱条件下,金叶榆的抗干旱能力、自我调节能力、适应环境的能力较家榆更强,适应重度干旱环境的潜力更大。     

干热河谷新银合欢等树种的蒸腾速率对光照响应的研究

干热河谷地区造林成活率低一直是困扰国内学者的难题之一,其中影响其成活的关键因子之一就是土壤水分。以台湾相思、新银合欢、车桑子及赤桉为田间供试树种,重点分析不同光照强度对蒸腾速率的影响及田间条件下蒸腾作用的日变化。结果表明,植物的气孔阻力和蒸腾速率与光照强度均呈现幂函数模拟关系,两者决定了深层根系的吸水能力。气孔阻力有效地控制着蒸腾作用的强弱,弱光胁迫对蒸腾速率的影响很大。相思、合欢、车桑子和桉树4种造林树种在雨季和旱季的蒸腾速率日变化分别呈现＂双峰＂、＂双峰和单峰＂、＂双峰和单峰＂与＂双峰＂的特点。     

不同土壤水分对九里香光合特性的影响

利用Li-6400XT便携式光合仪,在灌水周期内测定了8种不同水分条件下九里香(Murraya exotica L.)叶片光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2体积分数及水分利用效率等生理参数的光响应过程,探讨了维持九里香较高光合速率和水分利用效率的适宜土壤水分及光照强度范围.结果表明:光辐射强度和土壤湿度对九里香叶片光合特性有十分显著的影响,九里香在土壤体积含水量29.80%(相对含水量89.40%)时光合速率达到最大值.当土壤水分条件适宜时,光强在400～1600μmol·m-2·s-1范围内,九里香光合速率较高.适宜九里香生长的土壤湿度范围(具有较高的光合速率和水分利用效率)为土壤体积含水量21.30%～29.80%(相对含水量64.53%～89.40%).九里香永久萎蔫的最低土壤湿度为土壤体积含水量10.60%(相对含水量32.11%).     

抗蒸腾剂应用于赣南脐橙试验初报

试验结果表明:施用抗蒸腾剂1个月内能明显降低赣南脐橙叶片的蒸腾速率;施用1周内能明显提高叶片的净光合速率,但施用1个月后又会降低叶片的净光合速率;施用抗蒸腾剂对果实大小及品质有不同程度的负面影响。     

采收机不同振动强度采收对枸杞树光合系统参数的影响

研究了枸杞采收机不同振动强度采收对枸杞树光合系统参数的影响,结果表明,各处理的光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度与对照相比差异不显著,说明采收机采收对枸杞树叶片的光合系统参数无显著影响。     

苹果三维树冠水分利用效率动态模拟

通过构建三维树冠净光合速率(Pn)和蒸腾速率(Tr)的耦合模型,可模拟出树冠内叶片瞬时水分利用效率(WUEI)的三维分布。根据2011–2012年27年生开心形苹果树 (Malus domestica Borkh. cv.)试验数据拟合模型参数,进而确定树冠内三维Pn和Tr分布。数值模拟结果显示,WUEI随CO2浓度和湿度的增加而迅速增加,随温度和叶水势的增大而减少;当光合有效辐射低于光饱和点时WUEI随PAR的增加而增加,超过光饱和点后WUEI变化不显著。在一天当中苹果冠层WUEI整体呈双峰曲线,多云时WUEI最高,晴天的WUEI比阴天高42%,约为2.98 mmol?mol-1。结果表明,该耦合模型能模拟出不同小气候条件和叶片水势下苹果三维树冠WUEI的维分布和动态变化。     

Genetic variability of transpiration response to vapor pressure deficit among sorghum genotypes

Simulation studies have demonstrated that limited maximum transpiration rate (TR) at high air vapor pressure deficit (VPD) in water-limited environments could result in significant increases in sorghum yield. However, such a restriction on TR at high VPD has not been documented in sorghum. The objective of this study was to search within sorghum germplasm for the possibility of restricted TR at high VPD. Twenty six genotypes were selected for measurement of VPD response based on field observations including yield, leaf temperature, and the stay-green phenotype. These genotypes were grown in a greenhouse for about 24-d growth, and then placed into individual chambers in which VPD was varied and TR measured. The results of this study showed marked variation among sorghum genotypes in TR response to VPD. Seventeen genotypes were identified as exhibiting a breakpoint in their VPD response in the range from 1.6 to 2.7 kPa, above which there was little or no further increase in TR. Therefore, these genotypes with a breakpoint have the possibility of soil water conservation when VPD during the midday cycle exceeds the breakpoint VPD. This trait would be desirable in less humid environments for increasing yields in water-deficit seasons. The observed range in the value of the BP among genotypes offers the possibility of developing genotypes with BP appropriate for specific environments.     

Citrus rootstock responses to water stress

Tolerance to drought-stress (DS) of the citrus rootstock Forner–Alcaide no. 5 (FA-5) was tested and compared with that of its parents, Cleopatra mandarin (CM) and Poncirus trifoliata (PT). Nine-month-old seedlings of CM, PT and FA-5 and 15-month-old grafted trees of ‘Valencia’ orange scions on these three rootstocks were cultivated in sand under glasshouse conditions and irrigated with a nutrient solution. Plants were drought-stressed by withholding irrigation until leaves were fully wilted. Survival time of both seedlings and grafted trees under DS was linked to the water extraction rate from the soil, which depended mainly on leaf biomass and on transpiration rate. Seedling responses to DS affecting leaf water relationships and gas exchange parameters varied among genotypes. FA-5 seedlings survived longer than the other seedlings, maintaining the highest levels of water potential, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and net CO₂ assimilation towards the end of the experiment, when water stress was most severe. Thus, FA-5 was more resistant to DS than its parents (CM and PT). Moreover, rootstock affected the performance of grafted trees under water stress conditions. The higher drought tolerance induced by FA-5 rootstock could be related to the greater osmotic adjustment (OA), which was reflected by smaller reductions in leaf relative water content (RWC) and in higher turgor potentials and leaf gas exchange than the other rootstocks.     

日照茶树优良类型生理特性对比研究

以日照巨峰镇南茶北引实验植株为材料,利用CB-1i01型光合、蒸腾测定仪,在晴天条件下,测定植物光合、呼吸强度和蒸腾速率。结果表明,不同品种的茶树光合作用和蒸腾作用的总体趋势基本一致,基本上都是在8：00～10：00,光合作用和蒸腾作用不断增强,达到一个峰值之后又开始下降;不同品种的茶树光合作用和蒸腾作用强弱差别明显,这为检验植株的抗逆性,筛选合适的茶树品种引种推广提供了参考依据。     

土壤水分胁迫对杜仲叶片光合及水分利用特征的影响

通过实验研究了华北石质山区4种不同土壤水分条件下3a生杜仲苗木叶片光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、气孔限制值(Ls)、水分利用效率(WUE)等参数的光响应过程。结果表明:(1)杜仲叶片在土壤水分轻度(W1)、中度(W2)和重度(W3)胁迫条件下的光饱和点分别比对照(CK)下降12.5%、44.8%、68.5%,晴天日光合速率最大值分别比对照(CK)下降21.5%、47%、69.7%;(2)叶片蒸腾速率(Tr)呈现随光合有效辐射(PAR)增加而上升的趋势。对比CK,Tr在W1、W2和W3条件下分别下降了17%、52%和93%;(3)Gs随着PAR的增加而逐渐上升。对比CK,Gs在W1、W2和W3条件下分别下降了22.6%、67.9%、88.7%。从无水分胁迫一直到中度水分胁迫条件下,气孔限制是影响光合作用的主要原因,而土壤水分严重胁迫条件下,当PAR小于1000μmol.m-2.s-1时,气孔限制是影响光合作用的主要原因,尔后转变为非气孔限制;(4)叶片水分利用效率(WUE)对光强的适应范围比较广,W3条件下,WUE值最高。CK、W1、W2条件下,WUE相差不大,对比W3,分别下降68.6%、69.5%、67.3%。