Development of a reproducible infectious pancreatic necrosis virus challenge model for Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.

Atlantic salmon smolts, previously unexposed to infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), were placed into tanks of sea water at 10 °C. After 4 weeks, 40 fish were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with homogenized and filter‐sterilized kidney material obtained from salmon with clinical IPN in a marine farm in Shetland. The injected fish were cohabited with 40 untreated fish. Mortalities began in the injected fish on day 7 and reached a peak of 48% on day 14. In the cohabitation group, mortalities began on day 14 and reached a peak of 70% on day 27. The IPNV in the Shetland kidney homogenate was cultured in Chinook salmon embryo (CHSE) cells and passed twice. This cultured virus was injected i.p. into fish at various doses ranging from 10 to 10⁷ TCID₅₀ fish^?1 4 weeks after seawater transfer. Challenge tanks contained 30 injected fish and 30 cohabitees. Mortality rates and levels were dose‐dependent. The highest dose used resulted in a similar mortality pattern as obtained with a similar dose of the Shetland kidney homogenate, indicating that virulence was retained after two passes in tissue culture. Even with the lowest dose, mortality reached 12% in the injected group and 23% in the cohabitees. The IPNV titres were high (10⁶?10⁹ i.u. g^?1 kidney) in fish which died during the experiment and low (<10⁵ i.u. g^?1 kidney) or undetectable in surviving fish. The cultured virus (pass 3) was used in a challenge model where the population density of fish in the tanks was high (50 injected and 50 cohabitees) or low (15 injected and 15 cohabitees). In the high stocking density tank, mortalities peaked at about 35% in the injected group and at 52% in the cohabitees. In the low stocking density tank, mortalities peaked at about 40% in the injected fish but no mortality occurred in the cohabitees. However, IPNV was detected (up to 10⁴ i.u. g^?1 kidney) in 82% of cohabitees sampled on day 30. These data suggest that lethal lateral transmission of the virus is dependent on the infectious pressure from the injected group. A further trial was conducted to investigate the effect of time post‐seawater transfer on the susceptibility of post‐smolts to IPN. Groups of fish were challenged every 2 weeks from week 0–10. Few mortalities occurred at week 0 and virus titres were high in these fish. Most survivors became carriers, some with titres >10⁶ i.u. IPNV g^?1 kidney. From 2 to 10 weeks after seawater transfer, mortalities in both injected and cohabitees were substantial with viral titres >10⁷ i.u. g^?1 kidney. Survivors had lower titres and in many virus was undetectable. Throughout the experiments, moribund fish were sampled for histology and all showed typical IPN histopathology.     

行波波速在线测量研究

针对输电线路发生故障时测距方法时常用到行波波速作为故障点定位计算参量的情况,考虑到波速对故障测距精度的影响,提出一种在线测量输电线路中行波波速的方法.此方法是利用榆电线路合闸时产生的操作过电压行波来在线测量线路行波波速.从理论分析和仿真试验两方面对此方法进行分析.仿真结果表明,该方法实现简单,对提高行波波速精度有一定的效果.还运用小波理论检测暂态信号中的行波分量所包含的测速信息.     

车用两腔抗性消声器声学特性分析及结构优化

为了快速准确的研究抗性消声器的声学特性,该文提出二维解析方法研究两腔抗性消声器的传递损失特性;并基于阻抗管,采用双负载法对消声器传递损失进行了测量,以此对解析方法进行验证。进而基于解析方法,分析隔板通孔半径、隔板位置对消声器传递损失影响。最后采用遗传算法,在不增大外部总体尺寸的条件下,对消声器进行结构优化设计。研究结果表明,该文采用的理论计算方法可较准确地计算出消声器传递损失;两腔消声器比单腔消声器有更好的消声效果;隔板通孔半径及其位置对传递损失影响明显;通过对结构参数优化设计,可以使消声器在目标频带1 000~3 000 Hz的平均传递损失由17.2提升到39.5 d B,获得很好的优化效果。该文建立的二维解析模型可用于计算抗性消声器的传递损失,为快速优化设计消声器提供了参考。     

基于拖拉机整机效率最大化的液压机械无级变速规律

为了实现对拖拉机多段液压机械无级变速传动(hydro-mechanical continuously variable transmission,HMCVT)在任意稳定行驶速度和许可牵引负载下经济性最佳的控制,该文对拖拉机经济性最佳的无级变速规律进行了研究。根据拖拉机能量传递的特点,考虑HMCVT在不同传动比下存在效率差异的特征,把研究拖拉机的经济性最佳转化为对整车效率最大的研究。在分析整机传动系统效率特性的基础上,针对效率最大的目标函数和约束条件,求解了整车效率数值,结果表明在任意目标车速和牵引负载下,优化后拖拉机整车效率在35%~40%之间,并得出了效率最大时HMCVT最佳传动比、发动机转速和转矩,确定了基于整车效率最大的拖拉机HMCVT传动变速原理。研究表明:基于整车效率最大化原则能够实现拖拉机在任意车速和牵引负载下的整车经济性最佳,根据整车效率最大化确定的拖拉机多段HMCVT经济性最佳无级变速规律,为下一步制定装备多段HMCVT的拖拉机的经济性最佳控制策略提供参考。     

小麦双线精播智能控制系统的设计

为避免地轮打滑对播种均匀性产生的不利影响,保证较好的播种质量,该研究设计了一种播种机的自动控制系统,利用步进电机驱动排种器。系统以AT89C55单片机为控制核心,采用旋转编码器实时采集播种机作业时前进速度信息,微处理器（CPU）进行速度判断,并结合对种子粒距（或播量）的设置,实时调节步进电机的转速,以带动排种器按需播种。另外,该系统还能实现液晶显示、声光报警等辅助功能。试验结果表明,系统工作性能稳定可靠,能够满足播种时设定的要求。     

山区高压架空电力线路工程使用林地调查方法初探

根据高压架空电力线路工程使用林地的特点和用地的审批要求及设计规定，本着“不占林地或尽量少占林地”的原则，提出了线路路径踏查是山区高压架空电力线路工程使用林地调查的必要前提和关键环节，并就包括使用林地的面积、林木株数、蓄积等主要内容的调查方法做了介绍，针对调查中涉及的相关问题进行了讨论。     

Induction of a mutation in the male fertility gene of the preferentially transmitted Aegilops sharonensis chromosome 4S1 and its application for hybrid wheat production

Summary Wheat plants nullisomic for chromosome 4B are male sterile due to the absence of the male fertility gene Ms1. However, plants in which chromosome 4B has been substituted by the preferentially transmitted chromosome 4S¹ of Ae. sharonensis are male fertile due to the compensating effect of Ms4 on the alien chromosome. This substitution line has been mutated and three recessive mutation of Ms4 have been selected. Plants homozygous for these mutations are male sterile. The implication of these mutations for hybrid wheat production is discussed.     

Perpetuation of Leishmania: some novel insight into elegant developmental programs

Leishmania spp. are polarized single-celled eukaryotic parasites, the perpetuation of which relies on two other organisms they “use” as hosts. One of the Leishmania host organisms is a blood-feeding female sand fly, the second host being a mammal that acts as a blood source for the female sand fly. Leishmania-hosting sand flies transmit the metacyclic promastigote developmental stage to the mammal skin. While many mammals are known to act as sand fly blood sources, only some of these mammals are/will be “used” as Leishmania hosts. This host status means that skin as well as skin-distant tissues and cell lineages (mononuclear phagocytes and fibroblasts) of these mammals are rapidly and continuously remodelled as niches where Leishmania will deploy its developmental programs: it is noteworthy that without the deployment of the developmental program underlying Leishmania transmission from the mammal to the blood-searching and blood-feeding sand flies, the perpetuation of Leishmania will be suspended. While post genomic approaches are providing insight about some features of Leishmania major, Leishmania infantum/chagasi and Leishmania braziliensis, such approaches are not yet available for the natural hosts (wild rodents, wild sand flies) these Leishmania species “use” as hosts.     

基于多目标遗传算法的404P型拖拉机齿轮系优化

针对404P型拖拉机变速箱齿轮系存在的齿轮总质量大、疲劳强度低、换挡平顺性较差的问题,建立了以变速箱齿轮系总质量最小、疲劳强度最高、换挡平顺性最高为优化目标的齿轮系多目标参数优化数学模型。提出利用带精英策略的非支配排序遗传算法(NSGA-Ⅱ)进行多目标优化求解。基于Matlab优化工具箱编写程序进行齿轮系参数的优化设计,结果表明,齿轮系总质量优化率差值为187.30%,齿轮系疲劳强度优化率差值为85.27%,齿轮系换挡平顺性优化率差值为9.09%。相比于传统经验设计,进一步提高了404P型丘陵山地拖拉机的变速箱传动性能。