Genetic variation in bitter pit and fruit calcium concentrations within a diverse apple germplasm collection

Summary Genetic variability in the apple [Malus] fruit disorder bitter pit and fruit calcium concentrations ([Ca]) was determined in 25 seedling families at each of two sites from 1999 to 2000 and again for one site, in 2001. Most trees were free of pit or had low pit incidence, which could be approximated by an over-dispersed binomial distribution. A genetic component to external and internal pit incidence was found across both sites and all years. This effect was irrespective of the use of several cropping factors, average fruit weight or fruit mineral concentrations as covariates in the analyses. Year and/or site always had substantial effects on pit incidence. Interactions of genetic effects with site or year were also detected with large differences in mean pit incidence between sites or years for some families but not others. No relationship was found between mean family pit incidence and mean family [Ca] or mean family harvest date. However fruit [Ca] and harvest date were usually important predictors of within-family variation in pit incidence. For any one seedling, family had the largest effect on bitter pit incidence followed by site and [Ca] and the smallest effect was that of harvest date. [Ca] showed a strong genetic component and estimated family means of [Ca] were consistent at different sites and years. These results suggest that susceptibility of apple genotypes to bitter pit in breeding programmes may be best assessed through screening across multiple sites and seasons. Fruit [Ca] might be useful as an indirect selection index for bitter pit within, but not among families.     

石家庄市园林绿地滞尘效益评估

为了评价石家庄城市园林绿地吸附空气中悬浮颗粒物,进而减少其对人体健康危害的影响,采用大气污染物干沉降通量模型和暴露—反应关系模型定量评估了2013年石家庄市园林植物吸附PM10与PM2.5总量及产生的健康效益。结果表明:石家庄市园林绿地吸附PM10的总量为13813.4 t/a,吸附PM2.5的总量为6974.6 t/a,导致减少死亡11.58人/d,呼吸系统入院32.12人/d,折合经济价值每年约为19.5亿元,占国民生产总值的4.3‰。该结果为园林绿化植物降低大气颗粒物污染、优化人类生存环境及城市园林绿化规划提供了理论依据。     

The effect of major dwarfing genes on yield potential in spring wheats

Summary A composite convergent cross of 16 spring wheat parents produced a set of unselected progeny lines among which the major dwarfing genes, Rht1, Rht2 and Rht3, were distributed against a common random genetic background. Random subsets of these lines were grown under irrigation and optimal conditions in 4 experiments with replicated bordered plots in southern New South Wales in order to measure the dwarfing gene effect on yield potential. The dwarfing gene composition of each line was determined by test crossing and seedling responsiveness to gibberellic acid.Lodging was negligible in the two experiments in 1982. While present in the two in 1983, it was not strongly associated with yield. Grain yield levels were appropriately high (mean 5.9 t/ha). In all but 1 experiment the Rht1+Rht2 dwarf genotypes gave highest yields while the Rht3 group yielded on average 3% lower, Rht2 9% lower, Rht1 11% lower, and the non-dwarf or tall group yielded 24% lower. These yield differences were positively associated with harvest index, kernels per m² and kernels per spike, but negatively associated with mature plant height. Even within major dwarfing gene classes, grain yield was significantly and negatively associated with height.     

温带阔叶林、针叶林和针阔混交林土壤呼吸的比较研究

对韩国广陵树木园的阔叶林、针叶林和针阔混交林的土壤呼吸排放量进行观测、分析和比较 ,研究土壤呼吸与环境因子之间的相互关系 ,从中探究各森林植被类型之间产生土壤呼吸差别的原因。利用Q10 模型计算出阔叶林、针叶林和针阔混交林的土壤呼吸Q10 值为 3 6、3 8和 3 2 ,再根据对当地各观测站土壤温度的连续观测数据 ,计算出阔叶林、针叶林和针阔混交林的土壤呼吸日均排放量 ,依次分别为CO2 15 12、15 10和 13 99gm-2 。     

集约经营雷竹林土壤呼吸年动态变化规律及其影响因子

在浙江临安市雷竹主产区定位监测1年内土壤各组分呼吸动态。结果表明:雷竹林地土壤总呼吸速率、土壤生物异养呼吸速率及根系自养呼吸速率的年平均值分别为5.42,2.24和2.89μmolCO2·m-2s-1;1年中分别在2和7月出现土壤呼吸峰值;雷竹林地土壤年释放CO2量为73.40t·hm-2a-1,其中林地异养呼吸和自养呼吸分别占总呼吸的45.67%和54.33%;土壤呼吸、土壤生物异养呼吸和土壤根系自养呼吸均与土壤温度呈明显的指数关系,以土壤5cm深处温度为依据得到的温度系数(Q10值)分别为1.70,1.86和1.48,土壤总呼吸与土深5cm处土温、8:00气温、土壤水溶性有机碳含量和土壤总有机碳含量呈显著正相关(P<0.01),而土壤含水量、8:00大气相对湿度和土壤水溶性有机碳含量与土壤呼吸无显著相关性。     

苹果不同施#+（10）B量与施#+（10）B期对硼吸收和运转习性的研究

 用丰度为93.3%的H#+（10）#-3BO#-3于1991年秋施2.0mgB·kg#+（-1）土以及1992年春分别施B2.0、1.2和0.8mg·kg#+（-1）土。在主要物候期测细根、果实（或花）、短枝大叶、果台副梢叶、土壤（有效硼）的全硼与Bdff%，结果表明：1.秋施#+（10）B，翌年土壤的有效硼与Bdff%低于相同剂量春施#+（10）B，花与短枝大叶的Bdff%在开花期比春施高8～10倍，春施#+（10）B主要积累在根中。2.随着施#+（10）B量增加，细根中全硼与Bdff%增加，但不成比例；施1.2 mg·kg#-（-1）与2.0 mg·kg#-（-1）的地上部器官差异不明显,由开花期转至新梢旺长期，细根中的Bdff%约下降40%,而幼果提高5～7倍。3.土壤中有效硼与Bdff%随施#+（10）B量增加而提高,随时间推移而下降。     

冬季家庭居室内PM_(10)浓度的影响因素

[目的]为了探讨家庭居室内PM10污染物的来源,对人体的危害及影响因素。[方法]在丹东市的三个区选择了14个家庭,对其厨房、卧室和客厅进行PM10浓度的测试,并对室内的PM10污染物来源进行了分析。[结果]室内空气PM10浓度主要受吸烟、烹饪时的燃料、不同清洁方式、室外颗粒物浓度、室内人员多少和活动频繁程度、通风量7个因素的影响,被测14户家庭中有7户所有的房间均超标。[结论]丹东市家庭室内PM10浓度超标不容乐观,应引起有关部门的重视。     

小麦雄性核不育基因Tal与rht_(10)基因的连锁遗传

几年来,进行了普通小麦显性雄性核不育基因Tal与矮变1号的矮秆基因Rht_(1c)的等位基因rht_(10)的连锁遗传,以及试图打破其连锁方式,选育重组类型Tal-Rhhrht_(10),使Tal转育至矮变1号的研究,这项研究目前只能获得非期望的另一类tal-rht_(10)交换型配子,本研究表明,两个基因有复杂的连锁关系,可能Tal不仅与rht_(10)主基因,而且与某个修饰基因连锁,重组型是致死的。     

杂交晚稻新组合“先农10号”的选育和应用

“先农 10号”是用优质不育系“中 9A”与自育的强恢复系“R254”配组育成的晚籼中熟品种。该组合 2003 ~2004年参加江西省晚稻中熟组区域试验,平均产量为7026. 9kg/hm2;熟期、产量、抗性、米质均优于同类对照组合“汕优 46”,具有高产、稳产、株型适中、适应性广、抗逆性强、制种产量高等特点,适宜在长江中下游地区作二晚种植。     

苏棉10号生长规律及生育特性研究

对苏棉 1 0号的生长规律及生育特性研究表明 ,苏棉 1 0号棉苗生长快 ,叶面积大 ,株高日增量大 ,株高较高 ,株型疏朗 ,果枝较长。单株结铃数多 ,成铃强度高 ,且优质桃比例高。在栽培上应适当稀植 ,合理化控 ,增加施肥量 ,合理肥料运筹 ,可进一步提高产量