土壤微生物生物地理学：国内进展与国际前沿

土壤微生物生物地理学是研究土壤中微生物空间分布格局及其随时间变化的一门科学,是土壤微生物学和微生物生态学等领域的研究前沿。近年来,尽管土壤微生物生物地理学研究取得了巨大进展,目前仍面临诸多难题与挑战。本文简要回顾了土壤微生物生物地理学的发展历程,重点介绍近年来我国在森林、草地和农田生态系统中土壤微生物生物地理学研究的主要进展。同时进一步阐述了目前土壤微生物生物地理学研究的国际前沿方向,包括微生物群落空间分布及其驱动机制、群落构建过程与共存网络、微生物地理分布与生态系统功能的关联以及预测微生物群落对全球变化的响应。最后,对土壤微生物生物地理学未来的研究方向进行了展望,强调了清晰的微生物物种定义、微生物群落的时间动态、多组学与合成生物学技术以及高精度的预测模型在土壤微生物生物地理学研究中的重要性。     

金纹细蛾幼虫在陇东苹果树冠层的空间分布研究

为掌握金纹细蛾幼虫在苹果树冠层不同部位的发生规律,为科学防治提供技术支持。以长富2号10年生富士苹果园为研究对象,通过对不同时期金纹细蛾幼虫发生规律、树冠分布特征和集聚性分析,研究了陇东金纹细蛾幼虫在苹果树冠上的空间分布结构。结果发现,金纹细蛾幼虫1 a发生5代。在世代重叠现象和苹果生长期药剂防控的双重影响下,第2代以后各世代之间未出现明显的高峰,在9月上旬之前幼虫数量虽有增长,但增长非常缓慢,而进入9月下旬之后越冬代数量成倍数骤增。从幼虫在树冠上的空间分布看,存在东向和北向＞南向和西向、下部 ＞ 上部、内膛 ＞ 外围的趋势,但是在统计学上却没有显著差异;幼虫在苹果树冠中的分布呈一定的聚集性分布,但聚集度比较小。在前期防控的基础上,加强9月下旬以后的防控,是减少翌年虫源的关键。药剂防控中,在保证树冠全方位防控的同时,树冠下部、内膛、南向和西向为重点防控的空间部位。     

基于绿色荧光蛋白的冷鲜猪肉中大肠杆菌预测模型的构建

为了预测和监控冷鲜猪肉储存过程中腐败细菌大肠杆菌的变化规律,评估产品货架期,建立微生物生长预测模型。该研究将绿色荧光蛋白质粒pGFP转入大肠杆菌DH5α,构建GFP的标记大肠杆菌。基于绿色荧光蛋白报告基因和氨苄青霉素抗性,采用稀释平板法定量追踪检测0～24℃条件下冷鲜猪肉中DH5α生长变化。采用Gompertz模型、平方根模型和响应面方程进行数据拟合,构建数学预测模型。结果表明Gompertz模型拟合效果良好,0～20℃条件下决定系数R2为0.96～0.99。温度与最大比生长速率平方根、延迟期倒数平方根模型R2分别为0.862、0.948。响应面模型揭示时间、温度对大肠杆菌的生长影响显著(P0.05),二者交互作用明显,响应面模型R2为0.815。模型能够有效拟合冷鲜猪肉中与温度、时间相关的大肠杆菌的生长变化规律,研究结果为产品储存过程中细菌变化预测提供理论依据。     

黑龙港流域参考作物蒸散量的时序变化和分形特征

利用位于黑龙港流域的武强、深泽、饶阳、晋州、献县5站1957-2009年日最高气温、日平均气温、日最低气温、日平均相对湿度、日平均风速、日照时数资料,采用Penman-Monteith算法,计算各站不同时间尺度ET0,采用线性趋势分析法分析其趋势倾向,并应用滑动R/S分析方法研究该流域不同时间尺度ET0时间序列的分形特征。线性趋势分析显示,各站历史上自1957年以来的ET0年总值的气候倾向率在-33.81-10.79mm.10a^-1,即均呈下降趋势,但变化倾向率不同;各月ET0倾向率在-11.27-2.02mm.10a^-1,大多数为负值,其中5、6月份各站的下降趋势最大;春、夏、秋、冬季ET0倾向率为-15.87-1.30mm.10a^-1,且夏季各站之间的差异较大,尤以饶阳站与其他4站间的差异最大。气候要素倾向率的对比分析表明,5站参考作物蒸散量总体下降趋势的基本特征主要是由于风速下降、日照时数减少、日最高最低气温上升造成的;5、6月份下降趋势明显则主要是由于风速下降、日照时数减少、日平均气温上升减缓、相对湿度上升明显造成的;饶阳站与其他4站差异较大的主要原因在于2、3、11、12月风速下降和日照时数减少以及日最高最低气温上升趋势减缓、相对湿度和气压下降明显,以致这些月份的ET0倾向率大于0,形成秋季和冬季ET0倾向率大于0,年尺度ET0年际变化下降趋势不明显。R/S分析结果显示,5站全年和各季ET0时间序列的Hurst指数均大于0.5,相关系数均在0.98以上,分维数均小于1.5,说明各站全年和各季节ET0时间序列变化趋势在未来一段时间内具有持续性,即ET0在未来将呈较明显的下降趋势,这种趋势在除饶阳外的其他站月均有不同程度的表现。     

基于关键气象因子的中稻单产动态预报

利用重庆市1986-2009年中稻单产和中稻生育期内旬平均气温、旬降水量、旬日照时数等资料,采用统计分析法建立中稻气象产量动态预报模型,在此基础上预报中稻单产。用5a滑动平均方法分离中稻趋势产量,在分析气象产量与中稻全生育期逐旬气象要素相关性的基础上,以3月中旬平均气温、5月下旬日照时数、7月中旬平均气温、7月中旬降水量、7月中旬日照时数、7月下旬平均气温、7月下旬降水量和8月上旬平均气温等作为关键气象因子,建立中稻气象产量动态预报模型,并应用该模型实现中稻单产动态预报。对1986-2009年的中稻单产做模拟检验,平均准确率在96%以上,95%以上的年份预报准确率超过90%。对2010年的单产进行预报,准确率为91.5%～92.8%,预报准确率较高,基本能满足业务服务的需要。     

Physiological interpretation of a hyperspectral time series in a citrus orchard

Hyperspectral remote sensing for monitoring horticultural production systems requires the understanding of how plant physiology, canopy structure, management and solar elevation affect the retrieved canopy reflectance during different stages of the phenological cycle. Hence, the objective of this study was to set up and to interpret a hyperspectral time series for a mature and healthy citrus orchard in the Western Cape province of South Africa considering these effects. Based on the remotely sensed data, biophysical parameters at the canopy level were derived and related to known observed physiological and phenological changes at the leaf level and to orchard management. Fractions of mature fruit, flowers, and sunburnt leaves were considered, and indices related to canopy structure chlorophyll content and canopy water status were calculated.Results revealed small cover fractions of mature fruit, flowers and sunburnt leaves of respectively 2.1%, 3.1% and 7.0%, but the high spectral contrast between flowers and leaves allowed a successful classification of flowering intensity. Furthermore, it was shown that canopy level time series of vegetation indices were sensitive to changes in solar elevation and soil reflectance which could be reduced by applying an empirical soil line correction for the most affected indices. Most trends in vegetation indices at the canopy level could be explained by a combination of changes at the leaf level (chlorophyll, carotenoids, dry matter), changes in canopy structure (leaf area index and leaf angle distribution) and changes in cover fractions of vegetative flushes, flowers and sunburnt leaves. The transformed chlorophyll absorption ratio index over the optimised soil adjusted vegetation index (MCARI/OSAVI) was best related to leaf level trends in chlorophyll content. Seasonal changes in the photochemical reflectance index (PRI) were linked to inverse changes in the carotenoid-to-chlorophyll ratio. Canopy structure indices (the modified triangular vegetation index or MTVI2 and the standardized leaf area index determining index or sLAIDI) were sensitive to changes in leaf area index, average leaf angle as well to management interactions (pruning and harvest). Canopy water status was highly impacted during the spring flush due to expanding leaves that concealed trends in the underlying mature leaves. Seasonal trends in soil and weeds reflectance were related to changes in volumetric soil water content and to the earlier and reduced growth period of non-irrigated weeds.     

Detachment of road surface soil by flowing water

An agricultural watershed generally consists of two land use categories, farmland and the unpaved road or path networks with different traffic frequency and size. Road surfaces are quite different from farmland soil in physical properties, resulting in it's distinguish production transportation process. Hydraulic flume experiments were conducted with the flow discharges ranging from 1 to 5 L s^− 1 and the slope gradients ranging from 8.8% to 46.6% to simulate the soil detachment process on a road surface and to develop tools in order to calculate detachment rates occurring on that road surfaces. The results illustrate that road surfaces behave characteristically in the runoff detachment and sediment delivery process due to the difference in the bulk density and functions of agricultural soils. The soil detachment rate is closely related to flow depth, slope gradient and other hydraulic parameters such as shear stress, stream power and unit stream power. Multiple non-linear regression analyses indicate that detachment rates for all roads can be accurately predicted by power functions of flow depth and slope gradient. According to the experimental results, stream power was suggested as an indicator to estimate soil detachment rate instead of shear stress in soil erosion models. However, considering the simplicity and availability, power function of flow depth and slope gradient is also recommended to predict detachment rate on the road surfaces.     

基于数据挖掘的贝叶斯算法应用研究

在众多的数据挖掘算法中,贝叶斯算法因为准确性高,运算性能强而得到广泛应用。利用日常生活中的例子深入浅出的阐述了贝叶斯算法的基本原理,并应用SQL Server 2005数据挖掘工具,对2009年收集的农安地力评价的数据进行了分析,同时应用贝叶斯算法对地力等级进行了预测。     

浙江省金衢盆地土系数据库建设

以国家科技基础性工作＂我国土系调查与‘中国土系志’编制＂的研究工作为基础,系统地整理了浙江省金衢盆地（金华盆地和衢州盆地）的土系调查数据及土壤图、地形图、土地利用现状图和行政区划图等图形数据。在ArcGIS和Microsoft Office Access的支持下,建立了金衢盆地土系数据库,实现了区域内土系信息资料的高效有序管理,从而推动研究区现代农业的发展。     

淮河流域降雨-侵蚀背景及时空演变特征

当前全球气候正经历以变暖为主要特征的显著变化,为土壤侵蚀及水土流失的防治提出新的挑战。研究探索气候变化特别是降雨变化特征、时空演变及对侵蚀的潜在影响,是深刻认识气候变化与土壤侵蚀之间关联,减少未来水土流失防治不确定性的前提和基础。以降雨侵蚀力为指标,对淮河流域降雨—侵蚀背景及时空演变特征进行了计算分析。结果表明:1951—2008年间流域多年降雨的潜在侵蚀能力为5 269.12 MJ/(mm.hm2.h),峰值位于南部的大别山区。时间演变上,全流域多年降雨—侵蚀背景未呈现显著增减趋势。空间变化上,周口、大别山区及蚌埠附近三个地区潜在侵蚀背景的上升趋势最为显著,北部鲁中南低山丘陵沿脉区域也呈现一定上升趋势,以上区域应优先加强侵蚀防治对未来降雨变化的适应研究。