Analysis of Causes and Impacts of Soft Budget Constraints of Enterprises Based on Dynamic Game for Three Players

This paper researches the behavior difference among government,banks and enterprises and how it affects soft budget constraints of enterprises and non-performing loans of banks based with dynamic game.The game model suggests that government will give banks some assistance and let them refinance enterprises,especially government has strong(incentive) to sustain SOEs in China's transitional economy.Banks will do it if the assistance from government is more than the loss from refinance enterprises.In addition the value of liquidation of enterprises and the new loans affect banks' refinancing old enterprises.     

Canopy temperature based system effectively schedules and controls center pivot irrigation of cotton

Cotton is a perennial plant with an indeterminate growth pattern that is typically produced like an annual, but requires proper management to effectively produce high yields and good fiber quality in a thermally limited environment like the northern Texas High Plains. In 2007 and 2008, we investigated the effect of irrigation scheduling/control method and amount on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) yield and water use efficiency. Methods were automatic irrigation scheduling and control of a center pivot system, and manually scheduled irrigation to replenish soil-water to field capacity. Cotton was irrigated with LEPA (low energy, precision application) drag socks in furrow dikes; three blocks were irrigated manually and three were irrigated automatically. Six replicates of the manual and automatic irrigation treatments were included in the randomized block design. Manual irrigations were based on the weekly replenishment of soil-water to field capacity in the top 1.5 m of the soil profile and included a fully irrigated treatment (I₁₀₀), and treatments receiving 67% (I₆₇) and 33% (I₃₃) of the I₁₀₀ amount, plus a non-irrigated treatment (I₀). Automatic irrigations were triggered using a time temperature threshold (TTT) algorithm, which was designated as the I₁₀₀ treatment, and treatments receiving 67%, 33%, and 0% of that amount (I₆₇, I₃₃ and I₀, respectively). In 2007, overall mean lint yields (102.3 and 101.6 g m⁻², manual and automatic, respectively) were not significantly different. Similarly, yields were not significantly different across automatic and manual treatments in the same treatment level, with the exception of the I₆₇ treatment where the manual treatment yields were 11% greater. In 2008, the mean yields were 70% less than those in 2007 for both methods of irrigation (30.3 and 30.9 g m⁻², manual and automatic, respectively) due to harsh climatic conditions at emergence and heavy rainfall and cooler temperatures in the month of August. Yields from the automatically irrigated plots in the I₁₀₀ and I₆₇ treatments, however, were significantly greater than yields from the corresponding manually irrigated plots; though there was no significant difference between yields in the drier treatments (I₃₃ and I₀) plots. These results indicate that the TTT algorithm is a promising method for auto-irrigation scheduling of short season cotton in an arid region. However, further studies are essential to demonstrate consistent positive outcomes.     

深秋季台风“海燕”(1330)引发广西特大暴雨的水汽和螺旋度分析

为了探讨深秋季台风暴雨的形成机制,利用CMA热带气旋最佳路径数据、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、区域自动气象站资料和中国气象数据网提供的降水资料,采用天气学分析及诊断等方法,对引发广西特大暴雨的深秋季台风“海燕”(1330)进行了分析。结果表明：广西特大暴雨期间水汽输送完全靠台风环流本身,但其水汽辐合层伸展到较高的高度。广西的降雨开始于东边界水汽输入达到最大值之后开始减小、南边界由水汽输出转为水汽输入且开始出现明显突增现象时,最强降雨时段发生在南边界水汽输入达到峰值前后。冷空气侵入前期,增强了台风的斜压性,对暴雨起积极作用,但后期冷空气的加强完全破坏台风的暖心结构,使台风迅速填塞同时暴雨也很快结束。相对风暴螺旋度正值中心与强降雨落区有很好的对应关系,并且有至少6 h的提前量。深秋季台风暴雨预报应重点关注水汽辐合高度和冷空气的作用,而相对风暴螺旋度在台风暴雨预报中有非常好的指示意义。     

基于时域模型的车轮随机动载特性仿真分析

作为随机过程的车辆道路不平度,通用的模拟方法是频域模型,但在对人-车-路系统进行非线性动力学分析研究时,必须获得关于道路的时域模型。本文描述了两种基于路面功率谱模型的道路时域模型重构方法,利用该方法对C级公路路面进行数值模拟,同时建立了汽车的两自由度模型,应用SIMULINK软件仿真分析了车轮的随机动载特性,结果表明分形模型与路面的实际情况接近。     

小麦-玉米-大豆轮作下黑土农田土壤呼吸与碳平衡

农田生态系统是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,探讨农田生态系统的土壤呼吸与碳平衡对于科学评价陆地生态系统在全球变化下的源汇效应具有重要意义。基于中国科学院海伦农业生态实验站的长期定位试验,对不同施肥处理下黑土小麦-玉米-大豆轮作体系2005—2007年的作物固碳量与土壤CO2排放通量进行了观测,并对该轮作体系下黑土农田生态系统的碳平衡状况进行了估算。结果表明:在小麦-玉米-大豆轮作体系中,作物固碳量的高低表现为:玉米>大豆>小麦,平均值分别为6 513 kg(C).hm-2、4 025 kg(C).hm-2和3 655kg(C).hm-2。从作物生长季土壤CO2排放总量来看,3种作物以大豆农田生态系统的土壤CO2排放总量最高,平均值达4 062 kg(C).hm-2;其次为玉米,为3 813 kg(C).hm-2;而小麦最低,为2 326 kg(C).hm-2。3种作物轮作下NEP(净生态系统生产力)均为正值,表明黑土农田土壤-作物系统为大气CO2的"汇",不同作物系统的碳汇强度表现为玉米>小麦>大豆,三者的平均值分别为3 215 kg(C).hm-2、1 643 kg(C).hm-2和512 kg(C).hm-2。长期均衡施用氮、磷、钾化肥或氮、磷、钾化肥配施有机肥后,小麦、玉米和大豆农田生态系统的固碳量和土壤CO2排放总量均明显增加,并在氮、磷、钾配施有机肥处理下达到最高。不同的施肥管理措施将改变土壤-植物系统作为大气CO2"汇"的程度,总体表现为化肥均衡施用下NEP值较高,而化肥与有机肥配施下农田生态系统的NEP值较低。     

Sedimentary characterization of Tagus estuarine beaches (Portugal)

Background, Aim and Scope  The distribution of sediments in estuarine beaches is controlled by the interactions between sediment supply, hydrodynamic processes and human intervention. The main purpose of this study is to characterize the sediments of Tagus estuarine beaches in order to understand their origin and to contribute to a better knowledge of the Tagus estuary sediment budget. Methods  Surface sediment samples were collected across beach profiles and sand grain size analysis was performed by dry sieving. Grain size statistics for the median (d₅₀) and standard deviation (SDM) were obtained using the Moment method. This study was complemented by a qualitative evaluation of the sediment composition. Cross-shore topographic surveys were conducted for selected sampling sites. Results  Tagus estuarine beach sediments are mainly composed of quartz sand particles which are fine-grained and well sorted near the mouth of the estuary and medium to coarse-grained and moderately sorted in the inner domain. Compositional results show evidence of active anthropogenic sediment sources, especially in the coarser fractions. Discussion  The analysis of the textural and compositional characteristics of beach sediments in the inner estuarine domain is compatible with local sedimentary sources, while a marine signature is present at the mouth and inlet channel sediments. In the inner domain, differences in the sedimentary processes are represented by the textural characteristics of the sediments, such as the sorting degree and the gravel content. Sediment characteristics also reflect human intervention in the system, with the introduction of anthropogenic and allochthonous particles and the mixture of sediments from different sources. Conclusions  The sediments of the inner Tagus estuarine beaches are derived from local Plio-Pleistocene outcrops while inlet and outer estuary beaches reveal a dominant marine source. Beach textural variability observed in the inner domain is not related to wave forcing gradients, but mainly to variations in the sedimentary processes along the estuarine margins and to human intervention. Results show that the Tagus estuarine beaches depended, almost exclusively, on sediment input from local sources until the last century. With increasing human occupation, sediment transfers became dominated by anthropogenically related activities mainly connected with the occupation of estuarine margins and dredging. Recommendations and Perspectives  Further studies should extend the present level of knowledge in what concerns sand transport patterns through additional compositional and geochemical analysis, and the development of new techniques in order to allow the quantitative evaluation of the impact of human activities on the sediment budget.     

节水条件下盐碱农田施用有机肥的固碳及其生态系统服务价值提升效应

针对中国黄河中上游河套灌区不合理灌溉和施肥造成的盐碱农田碳排放加剧和生态系统服务功能退化等问题,该研究以向日葵盐碱农田为研究对象,开展连续2 a的田间试验,探讨滴灌条件下有机肥施用对盐碱农田生态系统净碳收支和生态系统服务功能价值的影响。试验设置滴灌灌水下限及施肥模式2个因素。灌水下限设置2个水平（W1：土壤基质势阈值为−20 kPa,W2：土壤基质势阈值为−30 kPa）,每个灌水下限下设置3种施肥模式（CK：纯施化肥,LBF：褐煤碳基有机肥4.5 t/hm²,SMF：羊粪堆肥5 t/hm²）,采用完全随机区组设计。另设畦灌施加化肥处理作为对照（MCK）。对不同处理的生态系统净碳收支及其组成要素以及3种生态系统服务价值（农产品供给功能价值、积累有机质功能价值和气体调节价值）进行了对比分析。结果表明：相同施肥条件下,滴灌处理的土壤有机质含量、作物净初级生产力、籽粒碳输出和土壤碳排放高于畦灌处理,且这些指标的值均随土壤基质势升高而增加。相同灌溉条件下,施加有机肥处理可以显著提高土壤有机质含量、净初级生产力和籽粒碳输出并降低土壤碳排放。其中,滴灌灌水下限−20 kPa与褐煤碳基有机肥用量4.5 t/hm²（W1LBF）相结合的处理有效促进了作物生长,并获得了最高的净初级生产力以及较低的土壤碳排放量,最终获得了最高的生态系统碳汇能力。此外,净初级生产力、土壤有机质和土壤碳排放等指标的变化影响了生态系统服价值。与MCK处理相比,W1LBF处理能够显著提升农产品供给功能价值、积累有机质功能价值和气体调节价值,增幅分别为8004.20、923.9和2094.70元/hm²。综上所述,该研究发现在河套灌区向日葵盐碱农田中,采用滴灌−20 kPa灌水下限结合4.5 t/hm²褐煤碳基有机肥可以增加作物初级净生产力、提高盐碱农田系统的碳汇能力和生态系统服务功能价值。该研究可为干旱半干旱地区盐碱向日葵农田固碳减排和生态系统可持续发展提供科学依据。     

Assessing long term effects of compost fertilization on soil fertility and nitrogen mineralization rate

Background

Fertilization with organic waste compost can close the nutrient cycles between urban and rural environments. However, its effect on yield and soil fertility must be investigated.

Aim

This study investigated the long-term effect of compost on soil nutrient and potentially toxic elements (PTEs) concentration, nutrient budgets, and nitrogen (N) mineralization and efficiency.

Methods

After 21 years of annual compost application (100/400 kg N ha^–1 year^–1 [100BC/400BC]) alone and combined with mineral fertilization, soil was analyzed for pH, organic carbon (SOC), nutrient (total N and P, N_min, extractable CAL-P, CAL-K, and Mg), and PTE (Cu, Ni, Zn) concentrations. Yields were recorded and nutrient/PTE budgets and apparent net mineralization (ANM, only 2019) were calculated.

Results

N efficiency was the highest in maize and for mineral fertilization. Compost application led to lower N efficiencies, but increased ANM, SOC, pH, and soil N, and surpluses of N, P, and all PTEs. Higher PTE concentrations were only found in 400BC for Cu. Nutrient budgets correlated with soil nutrient concentration. A surplus of 16.1 kg P ha^–1 year^–1 and 19.5 kg K ha^–1 year^–1 resulted in 1 mg kg^–1 increase in CAL-P and CAL-K over 21 years.

Conclusion

Compost application supplies nutrients to crops with a minor risk of soil-accumulation of PTEs. However, the nutrient stoichiometry provided by compost does not match crop offtakes causing imbalances. Synchronization of compost N mineralization and plant N demand does not match and limits the yield effect. In winter wheat only 65–70% of N mineralization occurred during the growth period.     

甘蓝型油菜品质性状间动态关系的分析

本文采用时间序列分析等方法,研究了油菜种子成熟过程中,蛋白质、油分、纤维素、可溶性糖、ATP 和生长量变化过程中的量化规律和动态相关规律。初步认为 ATP 在各发育阶段对有机物质合成有一定影响,其他物质变化过程表现一定程度的显著优势的周期函数特征。说明种子成熟过程中可能有某种代谢调节的共同系统。为了控制该系统以     

长期不同施肥模式下碱性土有效磷对磷盈亏的响应

[目的]磷素易于在土壤中固定,碱性土壤更甚,影响着磷肥的肥效和利用效率.研究长期施用磷肥对我国北方碱性土有效磷与磷盈亏的影响,为碱性土地区合理施用磷肥提供理论依据.[方法]本研究是基于河北、北京、山东、天津、河南和山西的6个冬小麦-夏玉米轮作长期定位施肥试验,试验周期为1991-2011年.所有定位施肥试验均设有不施磷...