Bed scouring downstream of hydraulic structures under steady flow conditions: Experimental analysis of space and time scales and implications for mathematical modeling

Sediment transport and bed deformation in alluvial rivers are space and time dependent. The knowledge of the space and time scales can be helpful for the definition of predictive procedures of an alluvial reach response to changing boundary conditions. In this work, attention is paid to scouring process occurring downstream of the rigid basement of a hydraulic structure. The analysis is focused on transient bed profiles which are determined, under steady flow conditions, by a decrease of the upstream sediment transport rate. In particular, the paper is aimed at improving understanding of the space and time scales required by the alluvial system to reach the equilibrium conditions. For this purpose, movable-bed runs are carried out in a straight laboratory channel, for two values of the water discharge. During each run, the longitudinal bed profiles are measured at different times. Based on experimental data, spatial scale factors of the bed scouring and of the bed load transport to reach the equilibrium conditions are defined. Particularly, it is found that the scour length varies especially during the first evolution phase and then it oscillates around of a mean value that is about 40% of the channel reach interested by the phenomenon under consideration; an expression is found for the adaptation coefficient which allows the estimation of the spatial delay of the bed load transport rate. Using both the collected data and literature data an expression defining the time scale of scouring is deducted. According to this expression the non-dimensional time scale is related to Shields parameter through an exponential law. Then, by the help of a 1-D numerical model previously developed by the writer, the implications for choosing the spatial and temporal resolutions, on which numerical results depend significantly, are shortly discussed. The results show that the time and space scales, which represent physical constraints of the spatial and temporal resolutions, need to be properly defined in order to simulate the scouring process evolution.     

溃疡病菌诱导下毛白杨防御相关基因的应答反应

[目的]研究溃疡病菌诱导下毛白杨防御相关基因的应答反应.[方法]以毛白杨为试验材料,用溃疡病菌对7月龄幼苗进行接种,提取诱导前后的毛白杨树皮mRNA,通过反转录生成cDNA,构建72 h差异表达的SSH-cDNA文库.随机挑选199个阳性克隆进行测序,将测序结果与NCBI基因库中序列进行比较,并对这些EST在dbEST数据库进行同源检索分析,利用RT-qPCR对文库中7个基因进行进一步分析.[结果] 172个EST找到了同源序列,其中有32个序列与防御相关.在毛白杨受到溃疡病菌诱导时,这些防御基因的表达量明显上升.[结论]该研究为开展毛白杨抗溃疡病重要功能基因的克隆和鉴定奠定了基础.     

基于深度相机的玉米株型参数提取方法研究

提出了一种基于骨架提取的改进算法,可实现在大田环境下,使用PMD深度相机快速、无损测量玉米株型参数。首先利用深度图像RGB伪彩色和深度距离信息,提取深度图像的骨架,排除复杂背景干扰,得到单株玉米的二值骨架图像;然后利用基于角点检测的改进归类算法提取骨架图像特征点;最后建立骨架图像中特征点与深度图像的对应关系,利用空间几何数学方法,结合特征点计算出玉米的3种株型参数,即株高、茎粗、叶倾角。农田实验对比分析表明,所提方法的株高测量结果与人工测量结果的相关系数 r 为0.986,最大相对误差小于2 cm,农田作物育种抗逆性分析还表明玉米株型参数与抗倒伏性具有显著相关性。     

基于VAR模型的粮食价格指数统计分析

基于VAR模型,对2001～2010年我国粮食价格指数进行实证分析。通过建立VAR模型对粮食价格序列与CPI指数之间动态变化规律及影响机制进行定量分析,并结合脉冲响应函数对短期的未来粮食价格走势进行预测。结果表明：国内未来的粮食价格会有逐步回落的趋势,但仍将维持10%左右的涨幅。     

环境因子对苹果树水势的影响及其日变化规律

在露地条件下对不同嫁接组合红星和金冠苹果树枝条、叶片及果实水势测试并应用灰色系统方法建立苹果树水势与环境因子日变化规律的GM (0 ,4)模型 ,结果表明 :苹果树各器官水势日变化均为早晨较高 ,午间或午后达最低值 ,傍晚回升到高于早晨的水平 ;温度、相对湿度和辐射照度是苹果树各器官水势日变化的主要影响因子 ,且不同嫁接组合苹果树各器官水势日变化的一次累加生成时间序列与温度、相对湿度及辐射照度日变化的一次累加生成时间序列呈线性函数关系     

Simulation of future dissolved oxygen distribution in pond culture based on sliding window-temporal convolutional network and trend surface analysis

Dissolved oxygen (DO) is a key ecological factor to measure the quality of water in the aquaculture. As the pond water body is affected by the breeding environment, the spatial distribution of DO shows a certain law in the entire pond. Therefore, to simulate the distribution of DO in aquaculture waters and grasp the temporal and spatial variation of DO is the key to achieving precise regulation of DO. For this purpose, this paper proposed a method for simulating the temporal and spatial distribution of DO in pond culture based on a sliding window-temporal convolutional network together with trend surface analysis (SW-TCN-TSA). This paper first utilized SW to construct DO data sets with different prediction durations, and then used the improved TCN model to realize one-dimensional time series prediction for DO at single monitoring point. Based on the prediction results of DO, a TSA method was performed on the predicted values of DO at the extreme moments of all discrete monitoring points, so as to realize the simulation of the temporal and spatial distribution of DO in the pond. Experimental results show that the SW-TCN model has better prediction performance for one-dimensional time series prediction of DO. Compared with traditional deep networks, such as CNN, GRU, LSTM, CNN-GRU and CNN-LSTM, the values of evaluation indicators (MSE, MAE and RMSE) have been greatly improved. In the process of trend surface fitting, all fitting R² of DO at different water depths are higher than 0.9, indicating that the TSA can accurately reflect the temporal and spatial distribution of DO. This method can provide a basis for the prediction and early warning of DO in the three-dimensional space of the pond and has high practicability in aquaculture.     

Improving chemical and sensory quality of high-oleic peanut by application of foliar fertilizer

High-oleic peanut is favored by consumers because its a longer shelf life and benefits for cardiovascular health.Up to the high-oleic standard and with good taste is essential for peanut products in food processing.The aim of present study was to explore the effect of foliar fertilizers on chemical and eating quality of high-oleic peanuts.Three high-oleic peanut cultivars,namely Huayu 09C2,Huayu 9621,and Huayu 962,were used as materials.Huayu 09C2 and Huayu 9621 were planted in Fuxin,Liaoning,foliar sprayed with Fosforil at 2250 mL/ha,and Huayu 962 was sown in Jvnan,Shandong,foliar sprayed with Foliplus at 1500/3000 mL/ha.The chemical and sensory quality of peanut harvested from the treatment plots and controls was evaluated.Results showed that,Huayu 09C2 and Huayu 9621,foliar spraying with Fosforil in Fuxin,Huayu 962,foliar spraying with Foliplus in Jvnan,all still maintained high oleate content levels,and the Fosforil treatment was effective in raising the intensity of sweetness of roasted kernels.This study demonstrated the feasibility of improving chemical and sensory quality of high-oleic peanut through foliar fertilizer.     

小尾寒羊肉品理化性状及食用品质的研究

本研究以我国著名的优良地方品种小尾寒羊为研究对象 ,采用二因子多水平有重复的试验设计 ,对其不同年龄 ( 1 2月龄和 1 8月龄 )和不同解剖部位 (背最长肌和股二头肌 )肉品的理化性状和食用品质进行了深入研究。结果表明 :年龄因素对肉品的大理石纹、失水率、弹硬度、熟肉率、剪切值、肌内脂肪含量、肌纤维直径和密度有显著 (P <0 .0 5)或极显著 (P <0 .0 1 )的影响 ;部位因素对肉品的失水率、弹硬度、肌纤维直径和密度有显著的影响 (P <0 .0 5)。研究证明 :小尾寒羊的肉品色泽鲜艳、富有弹性、保水性能良好 (平均失水率仅 6.86%) ,同时小尾寒羊肌肉具有良好的质地和组织结构 ,肌纤维细腻和肌内脂肪含量适中而分布均匀 ,说明小尾寒羊的肉品不仅具有较为理想的外观要求和优良的贮存稳定性 ,而且还具有肉质细嫩和多汁味美的良好食用品质。另外 ,研究还对小尾寒羊在不同年龄和部位的肉品科学利用方面进行了有益的探索     

多效唑喷施浓度及时期对谷子性状及品质的影响

摘 要：为探明多效唑对谷子优质品种‘晋谷21号’的调控效果,提高‘晋谷21号’的抗逆性能,在3叶期、6叶期、9叶期三个时期,以0.2%、0.3%、0.4%、0.5%、0.6% 五个浓度作了喷施多效唑试验。结果表明：喷施多效唑后,对‘晋谷21号’谷子下部节间长度（1~9节）有明显的抑制作用,并减少节间数量,使株高明显降低;喷多效唑的最佳时期为谷子出苗后9叶期;喷施多效唑的最佳浓度为0.4%~0.5%;喷施多效唑后不会影响‘晋谷21号’的谷子产量和小米品质。     

铣削刀具不同磨损期振动信号的分维特征

提出了应用铣削刀具磨损工作状态下的振动加速度信号的关联维数来描述刀具不同磨损状态下的特征,进而实现对状态的监测、识别。试验证明,刀具磨损在相同状态下,振动信号具有相近的关联维数,在不同状态下则有明显的关联维数。因此,关联维数不仅可以作为状态监测与识别的重要依据,而且可以作为其他特征提取方法的补充。