低分子壳聚糖对罗非鱼肝组织抗氧化能力和肝脂含量影响的研究

采用单因子浓度梯度法,研究低分子壳聚糖(SMW-chitosan )对尼罗罗非鱼(Tilapia niloticn)肝组织抗氧化能力和肝脂含量的影响实验发现．0．25％低分子壳聚糖能显著提高罗非鱼肝组织抗超氧阴离f自由基和超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)浓度。适宜剂量的低分子壳聚精可降低罗非鱼的肝脂含量．其中O．50％低分子壳聚糖的降肝脂效果最为显著。实验表明,适宜剂量的壳聚糖可有效地提高罗非鱼的肝组织抗氧化能力．降低肝脏的脂肪含量。     

罗非鱼内脏中酶的筛选

以罗非鱼内脏为原料,经过酶的提取、活性测定及酶含量计算,对罗非鱼内脏中的蛋白酶、凝乳酶、脲酶、超氧化物歧化酶、胆碱酯酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶和酸(碱)性磷酸酶进行比较和评价。结果表明:蛋白酶、超氧化物歧化酶、胆碱酯酶和碱性磷酸酶在罗非鱼内脏中含量多、活性高,具有进一步提取研究价值。     

Neuronal nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity in forebrain,pineal, and pituitary of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oreochromis mossambicus</Emphasis> (Tilapia)

Ultrastructural localization of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) and immunohistochemical detection of the enzyme in forebrain, pituitary, and pineal were undertaken in the teleost Oreochromis mossambicus. Application of post-embedding immunoelectron microscopy revealed nNOS-labeled gold particles on the cilia, microvilli, mitochondria, and Golgi complex of the ORNs. Gold particles were also seen adhered to microtubules in the axons that extend to the olfactory nerve layer in the olfactory bulb. With light microscopy, nNOS-immunoreactive neurons were seen in preoptic area, nucleus entopeduncularis, and parvocellular, and magnocellular subdivisions of nucleus preopticus (NPO). Numerous cerebrospinal fluid-contacting cells lining the wall of the third ventricle at the level of the NPO showed intense immunoreactivity. Intense to moderate immunoreactivity was observed in the neurons of suprachiasmatic nucleus, nucleus lateralis tuberis pars lateralis, and nucleus recessus lateralis. While several immunoreactive fibers were detected in medial olfactory tract, suprachiasmatic area, and hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract, a few were seen throughout the telencephalon, in the optic chiasma, tuberal area, and inferior lobes. In the pituitary, nNOS-containing fibers were seen in the neurohypophysis, rostral pars distalis, proximal pars distalis, and pars intermedia. While intense immunoreactivity was noticed in some cells in the pineal, immunoreactive fibers were detected in the pineal stalk as well as parenchyma. We suggest that nitric oxide may play a role in processing olfactory and photic information, circadian rhythms, and neuroendocrine regulation in tilapia.     

Investigation of the cytotoxicity of apidaecin on intestinal epithelial cells of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in vitro

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a diverse group of small polypeptides that can inhibit the growth of microbes; the investigation of their cytotoxicity is critical before they can be considered for use. The purpose of the present study was to examine the cytotoxicity of apidaecin at different concentrations (0.0, 10.0, 20.0, and 30.0 μg/ml) on tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, primary intestinal epithelial cells in vitro through cells morphology observation, methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) conversion assay, and cellular viability assay. The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, cytosolic free Ca²⁺ concentration, and phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂) activity of primary cells treated with/without apidaecin were also determined. No significant differences (P > 0.05) in MTT assay and viability were found between the treated and the control cells. LDH activities were slightly increased when treated with apidaecin for 24 h compared with the control (19.97 ± 1.24 U/l), but not significantly (P > 0.05). When treated with 20.0 μg/ml apidaecin for 24 h, the concentrations of cytosolic free Ca²⁺ was the highest among all the treatments (133.65 ± 9.65 nmol/l), but not the difference was not significant when compared with the control (P > 0.05). Similar results were found for the activity of cytosolic PLA₂. The current results indicate that apidaecin did not show significant cytotoxicity to primary epithelial cells within 30.0 μg/ml and that it can be used as a new candidate for infection control in fish culture.     

Dietary effects of soybean products on gut microbiota and immunity of aquatic animals: A review

Soybean meal (SBM) is one of the most commonly used vegetable ingredient to replace fish meal in fish diets. However, SBM is limiting in some essential amino acids and contains numerous antinutritional factors and antigens that can affect intestinal microbiota and innate immune system in several finfish species and crustaceans and compromise health. The impact of SBM on health and gut microbiota of aquatic animals is not only affected by SBM in general, but also on the degree of treatment of the meal and exposure. Recently, many studies are actively seeking ways to complement or balance those adverse responses induced by high inclusion of SBM in aquaculture diets. These include advanced processing and mixture of feed with other feed components to balance antinutritional factors. The impact of dietary soybean oil on gut microbiota has also been investigated but to a lesser extent than SBM. As the gastrointestinal tract has been suggested as one of the major routes of infection in finfish species and crustaceans, the effect of soybean products on the gut microbiota is important to investigate. Several studies have focus on supplementation of SBM on the adverse responses of the innate immune system as immunological mechanisms are likely involved in the underlying pathology. However, the precise cause of the inflammatory process has not yet been clarified, even though some investigations have suggested that alcohol‐soluble antinutritional factors, especially soy saponins, are potential causative factors. Possible interactions between soybean products and innate immune system in several finfish species and crustaceans are discussed.     

拮抗罗非鱼养殖水体中海豚链球菌功能性微生物的筛选

以罗非鱼链球菌病的病原——海豚链球菌(Streptococcus iniae)为目标菌株,研究了多株分离自罗非鱼养殖水体具有净化水质功能的微生物对其的拮抗作用。结果表明:通过初筛获得了11株对海豚链球菌具有拮抗功能的微生物菌株,其中7株拮抗效果较为显著,分别属于芽孢杆菌(B0903,B0910,B0916)、乳杆菌(L0914,L0917)、假丝酵母(C0909)和诺卡氏菌(N0906)。对这7株菌株从生长优势、共凝集率、净化水质能力等三方面进行进一步的筛选,发现7株菌株的生长系数均大于海豚链球菌,L0917、C0909、N0906的倍增时间显著低于海豚链球菌,且L0914、C0909、N0906能与海豚链球菌产生共凝集作用,共凝集率分别为3.03%、4.11%和1.85%。7株菌都具有一定的净化水质的能力,但C0909、L0914对氨氮的去除率显著低于菌株N0906。研究显示,诺卡氏菌N0906较适宜作为罗非鱼养殖中控制养殖生态环境和链球菌病害的微生态菌株。     

抗氧化剂TBHQ、VE和TP对罗非鱼非漂洗鱼糜的抗氧化作用

【目的】研究抗氧化剂特丁基对苯二酚(TBHQ)、维生素E (V_E)和茶多酚(TP)对罗非鱼非漂洗鱼糜的抗氧化作用,为其在非漂洗鱼糜生产中的应用奠定基础。【方法】选取3种抗氧化效果较好的抗氧化剂TBHQ、V_E和TP,以不同量(TBHQ为0.2,0.4和0.6 g/kg;V_E为0.2,0.4,0.6和0.8 g/kg;TP为0.4,0.8,1.2和1.6 g/kg)添加至罗非鱼非漂洗鱼糜中,于-20 ℃冰箱中冷冻保藏,定期取样测定样品的2硫代巴比妥酸值（TBA值）作为判定鱼糜氧化程度的指标,筛选出TBHQ、V_E和TP的最适添加量;通过对比试验,筛选出抗氧化效果最好的抗氧化剂;通过协同试验探究抗氧化剂之间的协同作用。【结果】TBHQ、V_E和TP的最适添加量分别为0.2,0.6和0.8 g/kg;3种抗氧化剂的抗氧化效果大小为0.8 g/kg TP＞0.2 g/kg TBHQ=0.6 g/kg V_E。协同试验结果显示,0.6 g/kg V_E＋0.8 g/kg TP的抗氧化效果最好,表明天然抗氧化剂V_E与TP之间存在很强的协同作用。【结论】在制作罗非鱼非漂洗鱼糜过程中,添加0.6 g/kg V_E＋0.8 g/kg TP组合抗氧化剂,可显著提高其抗氧化能力。     

Transgenic Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) over-expressing growth hormone show reduced ammonia excretion

The growth of aquaculture has negatively affected the environment due to the high levels of nitrogen excreted by farmed fish. Here we propose that modifying the nitrogen metabolism of the fish themselves using transgenic technology might solve the pollution problem. Growth hormone (GH) is known to increase protein retention and absorption, and is thought to reduce ammonia excretion. Thus, we produced transgenic Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) that over-expressed the GH gene throughout their bodies. Our findings showed that the food-conversion efficiency of the transgenic fish was 35% higher than that of their non-transgenic siblings. The rearing period required for the transgenic fish to reach a body weight of 20 g was about 75% of that required for non-transgenic fish that were fed the same type and quantity of food. The total amount of ammonium-nitrogen excreted by the transgenic fish was about 69% of that excreted by the wild-type fish over their lifetime. These results suggest that our transgenic approach has the potential to reduce the amount of nitrogen pollution caused by farmed fish. This strategy is a promising option for making aquaculture more ‘eco-friendly’.     

Fish-management relationships in Israeli commercial fish farming

To analyse the relationships among fish species performance and management procedures, a database was built up with data from 31 fish farms during the period 1976–1987 (1673 observations) and analysed through multivariate statistics (factor analysis). The data include nurseries, grow-out and operational ponds with mono- and polycultures of common carp, Cyprinus carpio, tilapia hybrid, Oreochromis niloticus × O. aureus, silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, and mullet, Mugil cephalus. The main conclusions include the following. (1) The highest total yields and best tilapia performances were obtained in polyculture ponds where tilapia was the main species. (2) The best carp performances occurred in grow-out polyculture ponds where carp was the main species. Carp performance was improved in polycultures with mullet and silver carp, irrespective of whether tilapia were present or not. (3) Carp and tilapia yields increased as the nutritional inputs (feed pellets, sorghum pellets, manure), pond size and culture duration increased. The effect of the nutritional input was not linear, but logarithmic. (4) Growth rate of common carp was more affected by total density and stocking size than that of tilapia. Better carp and tilapia growth occurred in grow-out ponds when stocked at large sizes and cultured during short periods, mainly when both species were present. (5) Carp growth varied with the geographical region and size of fish pond, being better in smaller than in larger ponds due to reduced access to natural benthic food in deep ponds.     

罗非鱼的微冻保鲜

本文以养殖的罗非鱼为对象,在-3℃±0.5℃空气微冻条件下,通过对鱼肉鲜度指标K值、细菌数及pH值的测定,探讨微冻鱼的质量的变化情况,并与冰藏鱼作比较。同时还对微冻鱼肌肉作组织切片,观察其冰结晶,并与-18℃冻结鱼及新鲜鱼作对照。实验结果表明,-3℃微冻法比冰藏法温度仅低3℃,但鱼肉鲜度指标K值上升缓慢,细菌繁殖受到抑制,大大延长了罗非鱼的保藏时间,贮藏期可达一个月左右。鱼肉pH值与鱼的鲜度之间无明确的相关关系。-3℃微冻鱼肌肉中的冰结晶是慢冻型的,对肌肉组织有损伤,但其冻结率比-18℃冻鱼低,未冻结部分的肌肉组织与新鲜鱼的肌肉组织相接近。