Treatment With Therapeutic Bandages to Control Equine Postarthroscopic Tibio-Patellofemoral Swelling

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of therapeutic bandages, the Kinesio Taping Method (KTM), in controlling swelling following arthroscopic tibio-patellofemoral surgery in horses. In vivo experimental study was studied. Twelve horses undergoing experimental tibio-patellofemoral arthroscopy were divided into two groups: six animals in the control group (CG) (without tape) and six animals in the treatment group (TG) that received therapeutic bandages based on the KTM. All of the horses were evaluated by thermography of the lateral and cranial aspect of the joint as well as by a perimeter assessment of the tibio-patellofemoral joint. The TG showed greater control of postoperative swelling with a significant reduction in swelling after 24 hours of treatment compared to the CG staying up to 72 hours, but there were no significant differences in temperature based on the thermography. In this study, which was unprecedented in horses, the use of therapeutic bandages resulted in a significant reduction in postoperative swelling of tibio-patellofemoral arthroscopy in horses compared with CG. Although often employed in human rehabilitation, this therapy is potentially beneficial for veterinary rehabilitation, specifically in horses.     

Characterization of Horse Use in Therapeutic Horseback Riding Programs in the United States: A Pilot Survey

With increasing public scrutiny on animal welfare, it behooves those involved in the equine industry to revisit best management practices to ensure these support healthy horses. There is little published research on how horses are used in the equine industry, particularly in therapeutic horseback riding (THR) programs. Although there is a large amount of information on the benefits of THR programs to the participants, there is little published information available about the horses. Therefore, the objective of this survey was to gather data regarding horse use and care in Professional Association of Therapeutic Horsemanship International (PATH Intl.)–affiliated THR programs in the United States to help establish a foundation for a standard of care. A 20-question survey sent to 659 PATH Intl.–affiliated THR programs returned a 40% response rate. Demographics demonstrated that the median number of horses in each program was 10; geldings outnumbered mares; most horses were between 16 and 20 years of age; and Quarter Horse or stock-type breeds predominated. Median session length was 8 weeks and median lesson length was 45 minutes. Horses were typically ridden by clients 4 days/week and 2 hours/day. Most horses were donated to the programs, participated for approximately 7 years, and left because of aging. Limb lameness and back soreness were the top health issues noted, with only a small percentage of colic and ulcers reported. More horses received nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for a lameness issue, chiropractic adjustment, and massage than any other supplemental care or complementary therapy. Based on data gathered in this survey, THR horses were not worked excessively. Horses were ridden less than PATH Intl.’s maximum recommendation of 6 hours/day and 6 days/week and less than those used in university programs. Horses in THR programs also appeared to have fewer reported health issues as compared with data in other national reports.     

World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of ectoparasiticides against myiasis causing parasites on ruminants

These guidelines have been prepared to assist in the planning, conduct and interpretation of studies for the assessment of efficacy of ectoparasiticides against the myiasis causing parasites of ruminants. These guidelines specifically focus on larvicidal efficacy against myiasis causing flies. Information is provided on the selection of animals, dose determination and dose confirmation studies, field studies, record keeping and result interpretation. These guidelines advocate the use of pen facilities for dose determination and dose confirmation studies for defining therapeutic and persistent efficacy. These guidelines are also intended to assist investigators on how to conduct specific experiments, to provide specific information for registration authorities involved in the decision-making process, to assist in the approval and registration of new ectoparasiticides, and to facilitate the world-wide adoption of standard procedures.     

World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of ectoparasiticides against biting lice, sucking lice and sheep keds on ruminants

These guidelines have been prepared to assist in the design, implementation and interpretation of studies for the assessment of the efficacy of ectoparasiticides against biting and sucking lice and sheep keds on ruminants. Information is provided on the selection of animals, dose determination, dose confirmation and field studies, record keeping and result interpretation. These guidelines advocate the use of pen facilities for dose determination and dose confirmation studies for defining therapeutic and persistent efficacy. These guidelines are also intended to assist investigators on how to conduct specific experiments, to provide specific information for registration authorities involved in the decision making process, to assist in the approval and registration of new ectoparasiticides, and to facilitate the world-wide adoption of standard procedures.     

金沙江支流冲沟侵蚀区四种土地利用方式下土壤入渗特性研究

在保持原有植被条件下,采用野外双环入渗法对金沙江支流安宁河谷冲沟侵蚀发生区4种土地利用条件下(荒草地活动沟、荒草地稳定沟、裸地活动沟、耕地)土壤入渗性进行研究。试验表明,前21．5 min土壤平均渗透率和累计入渗量均以荒草地稳定沟为最大,以裸地活动沟为最小,其余二者居中。4种土地利用条件下的入渗过程相似,并且可以用考斯恰可夫(костяковАН)公式f(t)=at-b得到很好的表达。植被能够有效增加土壤有机质的含量,而后者对改善土壤结构起着显著作用。土壤中>0．25 mm水稳性团聚体,尤其是其中的大粒径团聚体(>3 mm)含量较高,有利于提高土壤入渗性能。根量是能反映入渗性能强弱的重要生物学指标之一。具有良好入渗性的土壤,其地表径流减少,冲沟侵蚀得到有效遏制。     

Eryngium foetidum L.: a review

Eryngium foetidum L. is a biennial herb which is used extensively as a medicinal plant in most tropical regions. It is of increasing importance as a spice plant cultivated in India, Vietnam, Australia and elsewhere with well documented procedures for maximum yield. It also possesses a wide range of ethnomedicinal uses including treatment for burns, earache, fevers, hypertension, constipation, fits, asthma, stomach ache, worms, infertility complications, snake bites, diarrhea and malaria. Chemical evaluation of the leaves indicated the presence of flavonoids, tannins, a saponin and several triterpenoids; but no alkaloids were reported. A significant constituent of the essential oil of the plant is E-2-dodecenal ("eryngial"), with isomers of trimethylbenzaldehyde being present in lesser proportions. Variability in the composition of essential oil was clearly dependent on the geographic location of the growing plant. Pharmacological studies of the aerial plant parts have demonstrated anthelmintic activity due to eryngial, anti-inflammatory action due to the phytosterol fractions, anti-convulsant activity in the respective models, and selective antibacterial activity against Salmonella species and the Erwinia genus of bacteria. A fraction of the essential oil rich in eryngial is the subject of a US patent application for its effectiveness against parasitic trypanosomes, nematodes, fungi and bacteria in humans and other mammals. These findings suggest the need for further research of this herb and its products.     

Tank Performance and Multiple Uses in Tamil Nadu, South India

Irrigation tanks in India are common property resources. Theland and water resources of tanks provide not only forirrigation, but also trees, fishing, domestic water supply,livestock, and a number of minor uses. Using empirical resultsfrom a study of tank performance from 80 tanks in Tamil Nadu,South India, this paper evaluates tank irrigation systemperformance both in terms of irrigation as well as irrigationand other multiple benefits. Ranking of tanks' performancechanges substantially, depending on which measure is used. Theresults indicate that taking other productive uses (excludingdomestic and livestock) into account, raises the total valueof output by approximately 13%, and increases the totalrevenue mobilized from tanks by 213%. Taking all revenue intoaccount tanks are not subsidized by the government, butcurrently fees are not channeled back to support tankoperations and maintenance.     

中国大学英语学习者中介语动词结构陋用之管窥

对二语/外语动词习得的研究通常围绕动词形态的习得顺序来进行,但本文主要从动词和其它词的搭配着手研究中国大学英语学习者英语动词结构的习得。利用两个大型语料库定量对比了cost、survive和adapt三个常用动词在本族语英语和中国大学英语学习者中介语中的使用情况,发现后者中有较严重的滥用、少用和误用现象,以此我们可以管窥大学英语学习者中介语中动词结构的使用特征。导致这一情况的两个主要原因是培训迁移和母语迁移。