银杏叶中单宁提取工艺的优化研究

[目的]优化银杏叶中单宁的提取工艺。[方法]分别用纯水、无水乙醇1、∶1的乙醇-乙醚、乙醇(95%)-水、丙酮-水以及1∶1∶1的丙酮-无水乙醇-水提取银杏叶中的单宁。[结果]以丙酮-水为提取试剂的单宁提取率较高;最佳的溶剂比为1∶2,单宁提取率受溶剂比影响较大,丙酮和水的比例根据原料含水率不同而有变化。随着提取液用量的增加,提取率升高,且固液比为1∶12时提取率最高,但其和固液比1∶10的提取率相差较小,故用1∶10的固液比进行提取比较经济。加入阴离子表面活性剂SDS、DBS,单宁的提取率有所下降,加入两性表面活性剂OP,单宁的提取率下降最多。[结论]银杏叶中单宁的最佳提取条件为:以1∶2的丙酮和水为提取剂,回流12 h,固液比为1∶10。     

不同生长季节和地域对兴安落叶松单宁质量分数的影响

研究了兴安落叶松单宁质量分数季节动态变化及地理差异。结果表明:单宁质量分数随时间和地域环境(温度)的变化而变化,温度是其季节变化和地理差异的一个重要的影响因子。同一立地条件下,随生长期不同,兴安落叶松树皮、边材、针叶和树枝中单宁质量分数的季节动态模式相似。分别在冬季(1月)和秋季(9月)出现两次高峰;不同样地兴安落叶松树皮与针叶单宁质量分数明显不同,随着纬度的增加而有增加的趋势,并与年平均气温、极端最低温度呈明显的负相关。     

Sorption of tannin and related phenolic compounds and effects on soluble-N in soil

Some tannins, plant-derived polyphenolic compounds, can rapidly affix to soil and affect the solubility of labile soil-N but a more complete understanding of the nature and persistence of tannin-soil interactions is needed. Forest and pasture soils from two depths were treated for 1 h with cool (23 ^°C) water (Control) or solutions that added 10 mg g⁻¹ soil tannic acid (TA), an imprecisely defined mixture of galloyl esters, gallic acid (GA), a phenol, or β-1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-d-glucose (PGG), a hydrolyzable tannin. Soluble-C and N, in treatment supernatants, was measured to uncover evidence for sorption of treatments or effects on extraction of soil-N. Significant amounts of soluble-C, added with treatments, were not recovered in supernatants indicating sorption of nearly 90% of the PGG-C, about 75% of the TA-C but less than 25% of the GA-C in surface soil. Disappearance of soluble-C from treatment supernatants was accompanied by a corresponding reduction of total phenolic content. Treatments added a negligible amount of N to soil; but while PGG and TA reduced soluble-N, in extracts from surface soil, GA had little effect. Soluble-N in extracts was composed mainly of organic-N. Effects of tannins persisted in surface soil through 12 washings with hot water (80 ^°C), suggesting the formation of stable complexes with soil. The proportion of initial soil-C and N remaining after all extractions was higher in samples treated with PGG or TA than either the Control or GA treatment. We conclude PGG readily sorbs to soil and reduces the solubility of soil organic-N unlike GA, its simple monomeric constituent. These differences could be especially important near the surface where quantities of soil organic matter and biological activity are comparatively large and most easily affected by management.     

饲草中缩合单宁的研究进展

 饲料中高浓度的缩合单宁会降低动物对营养物质的消化利用率,影响自愿采食量,甚至损伤肠胃。适宜含量的缩合单宁,又能阻止臌胀病、肺水肿的发生,降低寄生虫病害的影响,改善肉质品味,提高动物的生产性能。论文概述了缩合单宁的营养作用、抗营养作用,影响饲草缩合单宁含量的因素,以及控制缩合单宁含量的方法,以便在实践中合理应用缩合单宁。     

Agricultural potential of Mediterranean grain and forage legumes: 2) Anti-nutritional factor concentrations in the genus Vicia

As part of an investigation into the agricultural potential of under-exploited Mediterranean Viceae, anti-nutritional factor concentrations were measured in the seed of 7 species. These included: V. sativa(subsp. amphicarpa(L.) Batt., subsp. macrocarpa(Moris) Arcang, subsp. nigra(L.) Ehrh., subsp. sativa), V. ervilia L., V. faba L. (var. faba, var. minor Peterm.), V. narbonensis L. (var. aegyptiaca Kornhuber ex Asch. et Schweinf., var. affinis Kornhuber ex Asch. et Schweinf., var. jordanica H. Schaef., var. narbonensis, var. salmonea(Mout.) H. Schaef.), and relatives, including V. johannis Tamamsch., (var. johannis, var. procumbens H. Schaef.), V. hyaeniscyamus Mout., and V. serratifolia Jacq. Both quantitative and qualitative differences in seed chemistry were observed. Condensed tannins, phenolics and proteinase inhibitors were found in varying concentrations in all taxa. The highest concentrations of phenolic secondary metabolites (0.8–1.4% leucocyanidin equivalents, 9.5–16.4 mg/g phenolics) were found in V. faba, the V. narbonensis relatives and V. sativa subsp. macrocarpa. These taxa also tended to contain low levels of proteinase inhibitors (0.25-0.55 mg trypsin/mg protein), whereas the opposite was the case for V. ervilia(2.1 mg t/mg p). V. narbonensis was intermediate both in terms of tannin and proteinase inhibitor levels. In contrast, the non-protein amino acids tended to be more specific in their distribution. Concentrations of canavanine varied from 0.04-0.11% in the seed of V. ervilia, and may constrain the end-use of the grain, given that pigs are sensitive to concentrations as low as 0.08% in their diet. In V. sativa variation of -glutamyl--cyanoalanine within and between subspecies (0.41–1.36%) is not sufficient to make the grain palatable to monogastrics, since > 0.075% inclusion in the diet causes mortality in chicks. In V. narbonensis, there was no significant variation between most varieties for -glutamyl-S-ethenyl cysteine (GEC), a non-protein amino acid peptide which reduces grain palatability. However, lower concentrations were found in V. n. var. jordanica and its near relatives, V. johannis, V. hyaeniscyamus and V. serratifolia(1.3-1.6%, compared with 1.9+/–0.02% in all remaining V. narbonesis sub-species). Anti-nutritional factor concentrations were used to visualize taxonomic relationships using hierarchical cluster analysis. The V. narbonensis varieties were closely aligned with their near relatives, V. johannis, V. hyaeniscyamus and V. serratifolia. In contrast V. faba was positioned closer to the V. sativa subspecies than either to V. narbonesis or its near relatives. V. ervilia was the most distantly related species. Across all taxa proteinase inhibitors and condensed tannins or total phenols were negatively correlated (r=– 0.72, P < 0.009). This may be a mechanism which minimizes wasteful resource allocation to chemical defense, because the 2 anti-nutritional factors are functionally substitutable, since they both reduce the availability of protein in plant material. Thus taxa investing in high concentrations of proteinase inhibitors do not duplicate chemical defense mechanisms by simultaneously producing large amounts of tannins and phenolics.     

落叶松单宁净化有毒金属离子的研究

经研究,发现落叶松单宁能有效去除水中的Cu~(2 )、Fe~(2 )、Zn~(2 )等有毒金属离子,影响络合反应的因素主要有3个:落叶松单宁的用量、静置时间与反应体系的pH值,其中单宁用量对溶液残余浓度有显著影响。通过实验还确定了落叶松单宁与Cu~(2 )、Fe~(2 )、Zn~(2 )反应的最佳条件,去除率可达到65％～90％。     

Use of chemical treatments to reduce antinutritional effects of tannins in salseed meal: Effect on performance and digestive enzymes of broilers

This study investigated the effects of chemical treatments of salseed (Shorea robusta) meal (SSM), on intake, growth performance, feed efficiency, and activities of digestive enzymes in broilers. Five experimental iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric diets, one without SSM (control) and four SSM based, were formulated. The four SSM diets differed in the treatment given to the SSM. The USSM diet contained untreated SSM and the three other diets were contained SSM incubated with (820 ml/ kg of SSM DM) distilled water (pH 5.3), 0.67 M acetic acid (pH 2.4), or 0.67 M sodium hydrogen carbonate (pH 8.2) for 12 h at 37 °C. Inclusion of untreated SSM in the diets markedly depressed the feed intake, growth rate and, feed efficiency in broilers. Treatment of SSM with chemicals partly alleviated these negative effects on the performance of broilers. Growth rate of broilers was significantly higher on alkali and water treated SSM diets than on USSM diet. The broilers on alkali treated SSM diet consumed more feed than those on water or acid-treated SSM diets. Alkali and water treatments of SSM significantly improved the feed efficiency in broilers fed SSM diets however; the effect due to acid treatment was negligible. Inclusion of untreated SSM in diets caused the pancreatic hypertrophy and subsequent depression in the activity of chymotrypsin and α-amylase in pancreatic tissue. Treatment of SSM with alkali and water substantially increased the activity of chymotrypsin in the pancreas. The activities of trypsin, chymotrypsin and α-amylase in the jejunum were depressed with USSM diet. This depression in broilers was partly alleviated with alkali and water treatments to SSM. The activities of dipeptidase, sucrase, and maltase in the jejunal and duodenal mucosa were also depressed with USSM diet. Activity of dipeptidase in the duodenal and jejunal mucosa of the broilers fed treated SSM was improved with alkali treatment. It can be concluded that inclusion of SSM in the diets of broilers markedly depressed the activities of pancreatic and intestinal enzymes, feed consumption, and growth rate. Treatment of SSM with water or alkali improved the digestive enzymatic activity, intake, growth, and subsequently feed efficiency in broilers.     

砧木对‘赤霞珠9’葡萄果实发育及隐色花色素还原酶基因表达的影响

以‘赤霞珠’嫁接苗和自根苗果实为试材,用Trizol法,对果皮和果肉RNA进行提取和纯化,利用RT-PCR技术对果实隐色花色素还原酶(LAR)转录水平进行研究。结果表明:‘5BB’‘SO4’和‘101-14MG’均增加了‘赤霞珠’葡萄枝条N素质量分数,‘SO4’增加了P素质量分数,‘101-14MG’增加了K素质量分数;‘5BB’和‘SO4’增大了‘赤霞珠’葡萄果粒,‘5BB’使‘赤霞珠’葡萄提前8d转色,‘SO4’拉长了果蒂长度,增加了果穗松散度;在整个‘赤霞珠’果实发育期,各处理果实隐色花色素还原酶活性呈现逐渐下降的趋势,‘101-14MG’和‘SO4’嫁接‘赤霞珠’果实LAR活性始终大于‘赤霞珠’自根苗果实,‘101-14MG’嫁接‘赤霞珠’果实LAR活性最强;果皮和果肉中LAR相对表达量总体呈现下降趋势,果肉中LAR相对表达量极小,果皮中LAR表达量显著高于果肉,‘101-14MG’和‘SO4’嫁接‘赤霞珠’果皮和果肉中LAR相对表达量均大于‘赤霞珠’自根苗和‘5BB’嫁接‘赤霞珠’,其中‘101-14MG’嫁接苗显著大于自根苗。     

落叶松高温堵剂的实验研究

以改性落叶松栲胶为主料研制的高温堵水剂,适用于油田采油用高温堵水,调剖凝胶,论述了落叶松高温堵剂的凝胶原理,性能及影响因素。给出了落叶松高温堵剂适用温度范围,封堵强度,封堵率和残余阻力系数的试验结果。     

不同蚕豆品种的品质分析

[目的]研究不同蚕豆(Vicia faba Linn.)品种的品质差异.[方法]对111个不同蚕豆品种的种子蛋白质、单宁、钙以及硒含量进行了测定.[结果]蛋白质含量优异的品种有13个,单宁含量优异的品种有20个,钙含量优异的品种有16个,硒含量优异的品种有18个,通过对蛋白质、单宁、钙以及硒含量进行排序比对,筛选3个单项优质的品种分别为法7(1638)、青海83-26-12,2005-00,3个多项优质品种分别为H8096-3、青海马牙-1-1和伊拉克45-1.[结论]该研究可为进一步研究和加工利用蚕豆提供参考依据.