Effects of forage ensiling and ration fermentation on total mixed ration pH,ruminal fermentation and performance of growing Holstein‐Zebu cross steers

Our objective was to determine the effect of forage ensiling and ration fermentation on total mixed ration pH, ruminal fermentation and animal performance. Thirty Holstein‐Zebu cross steers were allotted to feeding treatments for 188 days in a randomized complete block design including: fresh grass‐total mixed ration (GTMR; pH 4.7), grass silage‐TMR (STMR; pH 4.0) and fermented‐TMR (FTMR; pH 3.5). Average daily gain for STMR was greatest during the first 3 months period; however, that for FTMR tended to be greater than GTMR during the second 3 months period (P < 0.10). During the second period dry matter intake for STMR was the greatest (P < 0.01), but feed conversion ratio (P < 0.01) and cost per gain (P < 0.01) were the least for FTMR. Protein digestibility tended (P < 0.10) to be greater for FTMR than STMR and fat digestibility was greater (P < 0.05) for GTMR and FTMR than STMR. FTMR had less (P < 0.01) ruminal NH₃‐N content than STMR. Total volatile fatty acids post‐feeding was greatest for GTMR (P < 0.01). Ruminal proportions of acetic and butyric acids were greater for FTMR than GTMR (P < 0.05); in contrast, propionic acid was greater for GTMR (P < 0.05). Utilizing silage or total ration fermentation did not negatively impact on ruminal pH. STMR and FTMRs can be used to maintain performance of growing crossbred Holstein steers.     

全混合日粮在生产实践中使用的条件与方法

全混合日粮(TMR)是现代奶牛场普遍采用的饲喂技术。本文就目前我国奶牛养殖场(户)使用TMR日粮应具备的条件及使用方法进行介绍。     

不同营养水平全混合日粮（TMR）饲喂利杂牛育肥效果分析

[方法]研究采用全混合日粮（TMR）饲喂方式,对利木赞牛与本地黄牛杂交改良后代F1进行低、中、高3个不同营养水平（15～18月龄,分别编为试验Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组）的日粮配方筛选试验,基础日粮为全株玉米青贮+玉米芯+苜蓿干草+肉牛精料补充料,试验期100 d。[结果]研究结果表明,从平均期末体重、期内总增重及日增重指标来看,试验Ⅲ组（高营养水平）平均日增重达（1.63±0.33） ㎏,高于Ⅰ组（1.58±0.29） kg和Ⅱ组（1.61±0.30） kg,按平均期末体重、期内总增重和日增重排序,为试验Ⅲ组（高营养水平）>Ⅱ组（中营养水平）＞Ⅰ组（低营养水平）,试验结果的趋势表明,同品种组合杂种肉牛不同营养水平,其育肥增重效果不同。但组间差异不显著（P＞0.05）,可能与标本量不足有关。在经济效益方面,随着精补料/增重比重的增加,相应试验组肉牛的产出增加,但同时也增加了养殖成本,从试验组的头均纯收益、新增投入占产出比以及总投入占产出比3个方面进行从低到高的排序为Ⅲ组（高营养水平）＜Ⅱ组（中营养水平）＜Ⅰ组（低营养水平）。[结论]试验结果表明,此结果与其平均日增重和日料的营养水平是相吻合的。因此,为了节本增效,应充分利用宁夏地区的优势杂交肉牛组合,同时辅以标准化的、能够充分利用当地饲草优势的、多元化的、科学的日粮配方。     

添加不同水平双乙酸钠对裹包TMR贮存效果的影响

【目的】研究裹包全混合日粮(Total mixed ration,TMR)中添加不同水平的双乙酸钠(SDA)对贮存效果的影响。【方法】在裹包TMR中分别添加鲜重质量分数0,0.1%,0.3%和0.5%的SDA,于贮存后第0,3,7,15和30天,对裹包TMR的感官、营养成分、发酵指标和有氧稳定性进行分析。【结果】0.3%和0.5%SDA添加组的裹包TMR可以良好贮存30 d。SDA添加水平越高,裹包TMR的有氧稳定性越好。添加SDA对裹包TMR的感官和营养成分影响差异较小。与其他2个处理相比,0.3%和0.5%SDA添加水平可以显著降低裹包TMR的pH值(P<0.05)和NH3-N/TN值(P<0.05)。【结论】从经济效益和添加效果考虑,在裹包TMR中添加0.3%SDA为适宜水平。     

肉牛TMR日粮粒度和饲料消化率分析

[目的]分析肉牛场不同牛群全混合日粮(TMR)的粒度和饲料消化率。[方法]在固原市瑞科丰农牧科技有限公司选取西门塔尔牛犊牛、母牛、育肥牛各120头作为试验牛群,对照组和试验组各60头,试验组日粮中添加酵母培养物AYC-X6,对照组未添加。[结果]结果表明,断奶犊牛和育肥牛TMR日粮粒度第2层比例最高分别为51.60%,52.9%。母牛第1,2,3层比例基本相同,在20.30%～21.85%之间。犊牛日粮中添加酵母培养物AYC-X6后第1,2层筛上物合计35%,比例下降,说明犊牛消化程度增加,消化率提高。育肥牛日粮第1,2层筛上物合计分别为64%,48%,分别比对照组降低8%,24%。[结论]肉牛TMR日粮粒度越大,粗饲料越长,过瘤胃速度越慢;育肥前期粗饲料长度为2.5 cm,育肥后期粗饲料长度3.5 cm。断奶犊牛和育肥牛日粮中添加酵母培养物AYC-X6提高了饲料消化率。     

TMR对延边黄牛肉中氨基酸和脂肪酸含量的影响

选取12头体重相近(274.8±11.18 kg),16月龄左右的延边黄牛(公牛),随机分成2组,每组6头,分别饲喂全价混合饲料(TMR)和粗精分离饲料(对照组).结果表明,饲养92 d后,牛肉中酪氨酸含量TMR组显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其它各种氨基酸含量2组间无显著差异(P>0.05);牛肉中棕榈酸、棕榈油酸的含量TMR组均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其它各种脂肪酸含量2组间差异不显著(P>0.05).     

集约化饲养模式下巴美肉羊与小尾寒羊产肉性能的比较研究

为研究集约化饲养模式下巴美肉羊与小尾寒羊的生长性能、屠宰性能及肉品质指标,试验选择4月龄体况良好、体重相近的巴美肉羊和小尾寒羊公羔各10只,按品种分为2组,饲喂以精粗质量比为50∶50(干物质基础)的全混合日粮(TMR)。测定各试验羊饲养120d期间的相关生长性能指标和相关屠宰性能及肉品质指标。结果表明:1)巴美肉羊的干物质采食量、试验末体重、总增重和日增重均极显著高于小尾寒羊(P0.01);2)巴美肉羊宰前活重(P0.01)、热胴体重(P0.05)和眼肌面积(P0.05)均显著高于小尾寒羊,而屠宰率则显著低于小尾寒羊(P0.01);3)巴美肉羊背最长肌宰后45min的pH(P0.05)、宰后1h的红色度(a*)和黄色度(b*)(P0.01)以及宰后24h的红色度(a*)(P0.05)等指标均显著高于小尾寒羊,而巴美肉羊背最长肌的剪切力、滴水损失和蒸煮损失等指标显著低于小尾寒羊(P0.05)。由此可见,在以TMR日粮为主要饲喂方式的集约化饲养模式下,巴美肉羊比小尾寒羊能发挥更高的生产性能并生产出品质更佳的羊肉。     

Effects of ethanol,molasses and Lactobacillus plantarum on the fermentation quality,in vitro digestibility and aerobic stability of total mixed ration silages in the Tibetan plateau of China

In Tibet, it is common practice to make and relocate total mixed ration (TMR) silages before feeding due to the uneven distribution of forages temporally and spatially. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum (L), molasses (M) or ethanol (E) on the fermentation quality and aerobic stability of local adaptive TMR silage. After 45 days of ensiling, pH and ammonia nitrogen in inoculated TMR silages were significantly lower than control. During the first 6 days of the aerobic exposure test, a small fluctuation in lactic acid concentration for all TMR silages was observed, and then silages with ethanol continued this trend, while lactic acid in silage without ethanol sharply decreased until the end of the aerobic exposure period. Meanwhile, pH gradually increased along the aerobic exposure; silages treated with ethanol showed lower pH after 9 days of aerobic exposure. The population of yeast gradually increased during 6 days of aerobic exposure, after that an accelerated rise was observed in TMR silages without ethanol. The combinational beneficial effect of L. plantarum and ethanol was found in combined addition of ethanol and Lactobacillus plantarum silages (EL), indicated by intermediate fermentation quality and higher aerobic stability.     

全混日粮饲喂育肥牛增重效果试验

随机选择22~24月龄、体重400kg左右的西门塔尔杂交公牛共20头,互为对照,试验期160d。试验组使用TMR日粮饲喂育肥牛,头均日增重1.31kg,料重比6.21:1;对照组采用常规喂法头均日增重1.12kg,料重比7.27:1。试验组较对照组日增重提高16.96%,料重比降低17.1%,两组差异显著(P<0.05)。     

TMR粒度对日粮消化率与奶牛生产性能的影响

TMR粒度对奶牛健康养殖起着至关重要的作用,本研究选取泌乳天数、胎次、产奶量相近的200头奶牛进行配对试验,饲喂不同粒度的相同日粮,采集粪样、记录干物质采食量、收集DHI数据进行配对T检验分析。结果表明,TMR粒度较大的试验组奶牛日粮消化率较高,产奶量及乳脂率有升高的趋势,但差异不显著。