Effect of introducing piglets from farrow-to-finish breeding farms into all-in all-out fattening batches in Spain on productive parameters and economic profit

A prospective study was conducted to assess the effect of introduction of piglets from farrow-to-finish farms on the global performance of all-in all-out fattening batches in Galicia (NW Spain). Two hundred and thirty-nine fattening batches from 48 fattening farms integrated in a cooperative were used in the study. All-in all-out fattening batches were classified according to the category of farm that supplied the piglets. Origin F was a fattening batch where all feeder piglets came from one or more farrow to feeder units versus origin FF, in case a group of piglets or all piglets of the batch came from farrow-to-finish farms. Productive parameters of fattening batches included in the study were recorded. Crude comparisons of performance of 37 fattening batches from origin F and 202 from origin FF were made. Mixed multiple linear regression models were used to assess the association between type of origin of feeder piglets and the following parameters: feed consumed per market hog, percentage of deaths (mortality) and time to slaughter. In all models, variables with presumable relationships with the outcomes were offered to the models as well as the biologically plausible interaction terms.

Mortality was higher in fattening batches with piglets coming from farrow-to-finish farms (0.67% higher than origin F; P < 0.05). Time to slaughter was longer when feeder piglets were from origin FF (3.1 days longer; P < 0.05).

We found a significant effect of type of origin on feed consumed per marketed hog. Additionally, a significant interaction was found: feed consumed per marketed hog was higher for fattening batches with all piglets from farrow-to-finish farms if slaughtered before 109 days and vice versa. A Monte Carlo simulation model was used to assess the economic impact of using origin F or FF as source of piglets. Results of the model indicated that the difference in expected profit per marketed hog between the types of sources of piglets was small (€11.50, S.D. 1.79 for origin F versus €10.44, S.D. 2.72, for origin FF).     

Dairy production practices among smallholder dairy farmers in Butere/Mumias and Kakamega districts in Western Kenya

A survey was conducted on 176 smallholder dairy farms in Butere/Mumias and Kakamega districts of Western Kenya to establish the dairy production practices and constraints in the industry. There was low milk production (16.6 kg of milk per capita), which was attributed to the low number of dairy animals. The average land size was 2.4 ha with only 30.3% being allocated to pasture or fodder crops. Farmers with large farms (>2 ha) set aside bigger pieces (1.2 vs 0.4 ha) for pasture/fodder crop cultivation (p < 0.001), owned more (5.25 vs 3.18) dairy animals (p < 0.01) and produced more (9.2 vs 7.5 kg/cow per day) milk (p < 0.05) compared to those on smaller farms of less than 2 ha. The average herd size was 4.2 animals, of which only 45.0% were in milk, producing 8.0 kg/animal per day. Every kilogram of dairy meal fed increased milk production by 0.68 kg (p < 0.001). Over 90% of milk produced was consumed locally. The public institutions provided 74% of total extension services to farmers. About 49.5% of total dairy animals were bought from other districts owing to scarcity.     

猪血管内皮细胞体外培养方法的建立

实验研究了猪血管内皮细胞体外培养方法并对培养的细胞进行了鉴定。获得了传代培养的猪血管内皮细胞。结果表明：用Ⅰ型胶原酶和胰酶消化分离，均可获得接种量的原代培养物，但Ⅰ型胶原酶消化效果更好；原代或早期传代培养物中有时混入的成纤维细胞可用柠檬酸胰酶有效清除。在不用贴附基质和内皮细胞生长因子(ECGF)的条件下，向生长液中加入胰岛素可成功的培养内皮细胞。该细胞在体外培养时贴壁生长，单层细胞呈“铺路石”状排列，细胞间存在接触抑制；第Ⅷ因子相关抗原免疫荧光染色阳性，证明培养的细胞为血管内皮细胞。     

西藏当雄10个引进燕麦品种的生产性能和营养品质比较

为了筛选出适合在西藏当雄种植的燕麦（Avena sativa）品种,本研究通过田间试验测定了10个燕麦品种的产量和营养品质。结果表明：青燕1号和青海甜燕麦的干草产量大于8 000 kg·hm^-2,青莜1号、青莜3号、林纳、阿坝燕麦、青引1号和加燕2号的干草产量在6 000~8 000 kg·hm^-2之间,青引3号和白燕7号的干草产量低于6 000 kg·hm^-2。10个燕麦品种的粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分、酸性洗涤纤维、中性洗涤纤维、木质素含量的变化范围分别为5.35%~8.54%,21.67%~58.33%,3.83%~5.23%,27.27%~37.50%,49.73%~67.51%和23.81%~34.27%。结合灰色关联度理论方法对10个燕麦品种的产量与营养品质指标进行综合分析得出,青燕1号、青海甜燕麦和林纳较其他燕麦品种更适宜在该地区种植。     

种猪场猪支原体肺炎（气喘病）控制与净经技术研究

在一个气喘病流行已有数年的种猪场，结合种猪选育，实施了以免疫、消毒、隔离、淘汰并加速更换种猪建立和新种猪群等为主要技术措施的猪气喘病控制和净化技术后，取得了显著效果，气喘病临床病猪已经少见，肺部有气喘病病变的猪也从试验初期的１０．９％下降至后期的３％左右，仔猪活率和生长速度显著提高。     

我国豌豆生产和育种的现状与问题

豌豆是经济和粮菜饲兼用作物,在我国农业可持续发展中发挥着重要作用.对我国豌豆生产概况、育种历程、育种目标、分子育种等方面进行概述,分析当前我国豌豆生产和育种中存在的问题并提出相应对策,以期为我国豌豆生产和育种提供有益参考.     

中国大陆猪流感病毒流行特征及未来值得关注的几个问题

控制猪流感病毒（Swineinfluenzavirus,SIV）的流行具有重要的兽医学和公共卫生学意义。中国被认为是国际流感病毒的流行中心,对流感病毒的流行生态有着重要影响。本文将对中国大陆SIV流行特征做一归纳,并简要分析未来值得关注的几个问题。     

Regulation of protein degradation pathways by amino acids and insulin in skeletal muscle of neonatal pigs

Background

The rapid gain in lean mass in neonates requires greater rates of protein synthesis than degradation. We previously delineated the molecular mechanisms by which insulin and amino acids, especially leucine, modulate skeletal muscle protein synthesis and how this changes with development. In the current study, we identified mechanisms involved in protein degradation regulation. In experiment 1, 6- and 26-d-old pigs were studied during 1) euinsulinemic-euglycemic-euaminoacidemic, 2) euinsulinemic-euglycemic-hyperaminoacidemic, and 3) hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic-euaminoacidemic clamps for 2 h. In experiment 2, 5-d-old pigs were studied during 1) euinsulinemic-euglycemic-euaminoacidemic-euleucinemic, 2) euinsulinemic-euglycemic-hypoaminoacidemic-hyperleucinemic, and 3) euinsulinemic-euglycemic-euaminoacidemic-hyperleucinemic clamps for 24 h. We determined in muscle indices of ubiquitin-proteasome, i.e., atrogin-1 (MAFbx) and muscle RING-finger protein-1 (MuRF1) and autophagy-lysosome systems, i.e., unc51-like kinase 1 (UKL1), microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3), and lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2 (Lamp-2). For comparison, we measured ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6) and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) activation, components of translation initiation.

Results

Abundance of atrogin-1, but not MuRF1, was greater in 26- than 6-d-old pigs and was not affected by insulin, amino acids, or leucine. Abundance of ULK1 and LC3 was higher in younger pigs and not affected by treatment. The LC3-II/LC3-I ratio was reduced and ULK1 phosphorylation increased by insulin, amino acids, and leucine. These responses were more profound in younger pigs. Abundance of Lamp-2 was not affected by treatment or development. Abundance of eIF4E, but not rpS6, was higher in 6- than 26-d-old-pigs but unaffected by treatment. Phosphorylation of eIF4E was not affected by treatment, however, insulin, amino acids, and leucine stimulated rpS6 phosphorylation, and the responses decreased with development.

Conclusions

The rapid growth of neonatal muscle is in part due to the positive balance between the activation of protein synthesis and degradation signaling. Insulin, amino acids, and, particularly, leucine, act as signals to modulate muscle protein synthesis and degradation in neonates.     

规模化猪场猪支原体肺炎控制及净化技术研究

在四川蒲江某规模化８养猪场 ,对该场的猪支原体肺炎采用以监测、免疫为主,隔离、治 疗、淘汰、消毒等综合防制技术进行控制与净化,对全场有猪支原体肺炎症状的猪及可疑病猪进行隔治疗,治愈后的猪经与易感猪同居感染不发病,分离猪肺炎支原体为阴性,试验表明治愈后的猪不带菌。对全场种猪和后备健康猪群进行猪支原体肺炎疫苗的免疫接种,经抗体监测和攻毒试验,免疫后２４０天猪支原体肺炎的ＩＨＡ抗体仍可达到１：１０,保护率