Study of potential environmental factors predisposing ewes to subclinical mastitis in Greece

Objectives of the work presented herewith were to investigate association of prevalence of subclinical mastitis with environmental (climatic and topographic) factors and to identify factors potentially predisposing ewes to the disease. Milk samples were collected from 2198 sheep in 111 farms, in all 13 administrative regions of Greece, for bacteriological and cytological examination. Data on farm location were collected in the field using hand-held Global Positioning System Garmin units. The geo-references were resolved to specific farm level. Prevalence of subclinical mastitis was 0.260. Main aetiological agents were staphylococci (Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative species), which accounted for 0.699 of all isolates recovered. In a multivariable mixed-effects analysis, the two environmental variables found to be associated with increased prevalence of subclinical mastitis were the minimum temperature of coldest month (coefficient: -0.084 ± 0.033, P = 0.014) and the mean temperature for 30 days prior to sampling date (coefficient: 0.031±0.014, P = 0.029).     

奶牛酮病发病原因及其对生产性能影响调查分析

探索奶牛酮病发病原因、发病规律及其对生产性能的影响,对986头围产期奶牛进行跟踪调查分析。结果表明,奶牛酮病发病率为31.74%,死亡率为4.15%;秋季发病率最高,可达37.4%,其次是冬季和夏季,春季发病率最低;随着胎次、年龄和产乳量的增加,奶牛酮病的发病率明显增高;在第1个泌乳月奶牛酮病的发病率最高,可达50.43%;日粮种类和微量元素越少,奶牛酮病就越容易发生;奶牛发病后受胎率明显降低;发病后产乳量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖率和乳干物质比发病前均明显降低,差异显著（P〈0.05）。奶牛酮病发病具有一定的规律性,且可降低奶牛的繁殖性能、产奶量和乳品质。     

湟源县荷斯坦奶牛隐性乳房炎的中草药治疗试验

对湟源县荷斯坦奶牛隐性乳房炎的发病情况进行了调查,发现荷斯坦奶牛隐性乳房炎发病率较高,为3.67%。采用中草药治疗本病,并取得了很好的疗效,治愈率为90.9%,且有无残留,不易产生耐药性的优点。     

Evaluation of biochemical profile of dairy cows with metabolic diseases in tropical conditions

The aims of this study were to characterize the biochemical profile, the reproductive performance and to identify potential predictive biomarkers of disease state of dairy cows with hyperketonemia, lipomobilization and hypocalcemia raised in tropical conditions in southeastern Brazil. Dairy cows (n = 50) were divided into a group of healthy cows (n = 14), cows with lipomobilization (n = 14), cows with hypocalcemia (n = 11), and a group of cows with hyperketonemia (n = 11). Evaluation of body condition score (BCS), body weight (BW) and blood samples was performed on 21, 14, 7, 4 and 2 days before calving, parturition, 1, 7, 14, 21, 30, 45 and 60 days post-partum and milk production was recorded on days 7, 14, 21, 30, 45 and 60 after parturition. Blood samples were assayed for aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutammyltransferase (GGT), albumin, total protein, globulin, fibrinogen, total cholesterol, triglyceride, urea and creatinine concentrations. The biochemical profile, BCS, BW, milk production and reproductive performance differed (p < .05) among the groups. Our findings indicate changes in the biochemical profile of dairy cows with metabolic diseases and impaired production and fertility of dairy cows in this group. Variable importance in projection plots demonstrated that cholesterol, urea, total protein, albumin and fibrinogen in the serum were the strongest discriminators between cows with hypocalcemia and healthy cows; and AST, cholesterol, urea and triglycerides for cows with hyperketonemia and healthy cows; and cholesterol, urea, triglycerides, total protein and fibrinogen for lipomobilization and healthy cows, which might be useful as predictive biomarkers of the disease state.     

Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型酮病对奶牛血液某些理化参数的影响

本试验旨在了解Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型酮病发生时奶牛体内某些理化参数的变化。在某集约化牛场随机选取产后7～28 d、平均胎次为2～3胎的试验奶牛,根据血浆中β-羟丁酸（BHBA）、葡萄糖（Glc）、游离脂肪酸（NEFA）的含量以及临床发病特点分为Ⅰ型酮病组（20头）、Ⅱ型酮病组（20头）和健康对照组（10头）。结果显示,三组间血浆中Glc、BH-BA、NEFA的浓度与体况评分存在显著差异（P＜0.05）,但三组试验奶牛的泌乳量、产后天数、血浆中胰岛素（INS）含量彼此间无显著性差异（P＞0.05）。Ⅰ型酮病、Ⅱ型酮病与健康对照组之间的理化参数存在显著差异,为深入探究奶牛Ⅰ型酮病与Ⅱ型酮临床病理学、早期检测和诊断以及详细的发病机理提供依据,为今后有效地预防奶牛Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型酮病奠定基础。     

奶牛产后常见病防治

奶牛产后阶段是奶牛饲养管理中最关键的时期。在此期间,由于奶牛分娩后,生理代谢发生了重大变化,如果不及时做好产后护理,或使用了错误的护理方法,容易发生奶牛产科疾病如胎衣不下、子宫脱垂和代谢类疾病如产后瘫痪、酮病等。本文从诊断要点、治疗措施、预防控制等方面,对以上疾病进行了比较系统的梳理总结,以期为广大奶牛养殖场（户）提供一些帮助。     

2型糖尿病患者血糖波动与亚临床动脉粥样硬化的关系

目的探讨2型糖尿病患者血糖波动与亚临床动脉粥样硬化的关系。方法170例年龄35～70岁、病程在1年以内、无亚临床动脉粥样硬化的2型糖尿病患者随机分为4组,分别给予不同的药物方案治疗。定期复查空腹血糖、早餐后2h血糖、糖化血红蛋白和血管彩色超声等指标,共随访3年。结果3年结束时,4组之间血糖波动指标比较差异无显著性(P>0.05),4个血糖波动指标的分层分析显示,亚临床动脉粥样硬化发生率均随血糖波动的增加而呈升高的趋势,尚未达到统计学差异。Logistic回归分析显示,亚临床动脉粥样硬化的发生与吸烟、高血脂、高龄、腹型肥胖、早餐后2h血糖与空腹血糖差值波动有关,而不同的干预方式对亚临床动脉粥样硬化的发生有影响(P<0.001)。结论早餐后2h血糖与空腹血糖差值波动大是2型糖尿病患者亚临床动脉粥样硬化的危险因素之一,吸烟、高血脂、高龄、腹型肥胖均是2型糖尿病患者亚临床动脉粥样硬化的危险因素。     

Efficacy of controlled-release capsules containing monensin for the prevention of subclinical ketosis in pasture-fed dairy cows

AIMS: To determine the effectiveness of intra-rumenal controlled release capsules (CRC) containing 32?g of monensin administered pre-calving to reduce the cumulative incidence of subclinical ketosis (SCK) in mainly pasture-fed dairy cows.

METHODS: Cows (n=837) due to calve in the first 6 weeks of the spring calving period were enrolled from four commercial herds in the Waikato region of New Zealand in a blinded, randomised, negative-controlled field trial. Three weeks before the start of the calving period cows were randomly allocated to receive either no treatment (control) or a single CRC containing monensin and then blood sampled on two occasions, 7 days apart within 12 days following calving for measurement of concentrations of beta hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) in blood. Cows were diagnosed with SCK if the concentration of BHBA in blood in either of these samples was ≥1.2?mmol/L.

RESULTS: Fewer treated cows were diagnosed with SCK within 12 days post-calving than control cows (144/340 (42.4%) vs. 192/336 (57.1%); p<0.001). There was no interaction between treatment group and age, breed or herd of origin. From the final multivariable model it was estimated that treatment with CRC containing monensin reduced the absolute cumulative incidence of SCK by 17.9 (95% CI=9.2–25.8)% compared to no treatment.

CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with a CRC containing monensin >10 days prior to calving reduced the cumulative incidence of SCK of pasture-based dairy cows in commercial dairy herds within 12 days post-calving.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Administration pre-calving of an intra-rumenal bolus containing monensin can be considered as one of a range of management options for the control of SCK in early lactation.     

奶牛酮病的研究进展

奶牛酮病是围产期奶牛常见的由碳水化合物和脂肪代谢紊乱引起的一种群发性代谢病,该病主要以酮血症、酮尿症、酮乳症为特征,常表现为低血糖症、血浆中游离脂肪酸升高、脂肪肝、糖原水平下降等。酮病多发于高产奶牛,可对奶牛业造成巨大损失,及时有效地预防和治疗奶牛酮病对提高奶牛养殖业水平具有重要意义。