翅碱蓬野外光谱对土壤化学性质变化的响应

[目的]研究翅碱蓬群落特征以获取下方土壤的化学性质。[方法]通过野外采集的17个翅碱蓬野外光谱数据和相应土壤样品的理化分析数据,探讨了土壤化学性质和翅碱蓬野外光谱之间的关系。[结果]翅碱蓬二阶导数光谱1121nm波段可以用来反映土壤有机质和全氮的含量变化,二阶导数光谱1208nm波段可以很好地反映土壤全磷的含量变化,一阶导数光谱353nm波段可以很好地反映土壤速效钾的含量变化,二阶导数光谱724nm波段可以很好地反映土壤pH值的变化,而反映土壤盐分含量变化最好的为一阶导数光谱950nm。[结论]该研究为利用遥感技术进行翅碱蓬覆盖区域土壤化学性质监测奠定了基础。     

追施氮肥对盐地碱蓬生长及其改良盐渍土效果研究

为了研究追施氮肥对盐地碱蓬生长及其对盐渍土改良的影响,通过田间小区试验研究了不同追施氮量(0~450 kg/hm²)对盐地碱蓬生长、离子累积以及盐渍土修复的影响。结果表明,追施氮肥能够提高盐地碱蓬茎秆、籽粒和叶片的生物量;在0～450 kg/hm²范围内,盐地碱蓬的各部分生物量均随着追施氮量呈直线增长的趋势。追施氮肥对盐地碱蓬茎秆、籽粒和叶片中的K⁺、Na⁺ 、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺含量无显著影响,但不同器官不同离子含量之间存在较明显的差异。追施氮肥能够增加盐地碱蓬各部分对K、Na 、Ca、Mg的累积;450 kg/hm²施氮量的盐地碱蓬的各离子累积量均较不施氮显著增加。土壤表层的Na⁺、K⁺含量随着追施氮量增加而降低。总之,追施氮肥能够促进盐地碱蓬对盐渍土的生物修复,降低土壤中的Na⁺浓度及其危害。     

Irrigation erosion of irrigated soils in the foothills of southern Kazakhstan

This paper presented the results from the study of irrigation erosion of irrigated lands in southern Kazakhstan. The main purpose of the work is the conservation of the fertility of irrigated soils, and then the soils of the upper, middle and lower sections of the slopes at the experimental site were studied. Based on field investigations, authors studied the water resistance of aggregates of gray-brown soils and light gray soils before and after irrigation and qualitative indicators of changes in physical and chemical properties of structured soils in irrigation were determined by conventional methods of soil research. The results indicated that the changes in the physical properties of soils by using polymeric compounds created a fundamentally new opportunity to control water erosion of soils.     

Evaluation of yield and chemical composition of a halophyte (Suaeda glauca) and its feeding value for lambs

Suaeda glauca is a potential feedstock for ruminants in north‐east China in areas of increasing salinity. The characteristics of S. glauca pasture from June to October and effects on intake, digestion and blood metabolites in lambs given increasing proportions of S. glauca in the forage component of a mixed hay/concentrate (50/50) diet were evaluated. Harvest date had a significant effect on dry matter (DM) yield. There were significant increases in DM content, total energy, neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre (ADF), but declines in leaf proportion, crude protein, total ash and sodium contents with maturity. Inclusion of 25%S. glauca hay in a diet significantly improved daily intake of DM, organic matter (OM) and energy compared with T0% and T50% groups. Supplementation at 25 or 50% significantly increased the digestibility of energy, DM, OM and ADF compared with the T0% group. Water intake, urinary excretion, water content of fresh faeces and sodium excretion from urine linearly increased with increasing S. glauca content, but potassium excretion from urine decreased. K and Mg serum contents were significantly increased compared with T0% group when S. glauca made up 50% of diet. This study indicates that S. glauca is a suitable hay when added as 25% of the lamb diet.     

Effects of sodium on nitrate uptake and osmotic adjustment of Suaeda physophora

Na+ ions play an important role in the growth of halophyte. The effect of Na+ ions on nitrate uptake and osmotic adjustment in the euhalophyte Suaeda physophora was investigated under glasshouse conditions. Seedlings were exposed to 1 mmol/L NaCl (control),300 mmol/L NaCl,150 mmol/L NaCl plus 150 mmol/L KCl or 300 mmol/L KCl treatments for 24 d. Dry weight was not affected greatly by different salt treatments,but water content and succulence in leaves of S. physophora were significantly increased at 300 mmol/L NaCl and 150 mmol/L NaCl plus 150 mmol/L KCl treatments. The concentrations of Na+ and NO3’ in leaves of S. physophora were the highest at 150 mmol/L NaCl plus 150 mmol/L KCl,but lowest at 300 mmol/L KCl treatment. Moreover,the increase of NO3’ concentration did not result in the decrease of Cl-concentration at 150 mmol/L NaCl plus 150 mmol/L KCl treatments. The estimated contribution of NO3’ to osmotic potential (CNO3) in leaves of S. physophora was 9.8% at 150 mmol/L NaCl plus 150 mmol/L KCl,and CNa and CCl were 31.0% and 23.3%,respectively. However,CNO3,CNa and CCl were respectively 1.6%,7.9% and 11.9% at 300 mmol/L KCl treatment. It is concluded that Na+ stimulates NO3’ absorption and the stimulation is independent on the internal or the external Cl-concentration in the euhalophyte S. physo-phora. These characteristics may explain the high levels of N in leaves of saline desert plants in arid ecosystem.     

亚麻叶碱蓬(Suaeda linifolia)的物候及结实格局

亚麻叶碱蓬的整个生活史为8个月,从种子萌发到现蕾的完全营养生长期与其生殖生长期时间接近持平,约各占整个生活周期的1/2。亚麻叶碱蓬由3朵花在叶腋形成聚头状花序,聚头状花序在分枝上形成穗状花序,聚头状花序位于中间位置的花先开,开放后10～15 d,两侧花开放。中央花形成黑色果实,于花后1个月果实陆续成熟;两侧花形成褐色果实,花后子房发育长期停滞,于9月底10月初集中成熟。褐色果实和黑色果实在颜色、大小、质量上均有差异,着生方式均为直立。两种种子在4个温变周期(2℃/15℃,10℃/20℃,15℃/25℃,25℃/30℃,暗/光=12 h/12 h)下萌发率不同,褐色种子的萌发率显著高于黑色种子的萌发率,但两种种子的萌发率均小于80%,说明两种种子都存在生理休眠。低温层积处理能显著提高褐色种子和黑色种子的萌发率,褐色种子低温层积处理8周后萌发率大于95%,黑色种子处理16周后萌发率最高为71%,表明两种种子休眠程度不同。     

滴灌条件下不同盐生植物对盐渍化土壤的脱盐效果研究

[目的]研究滴灌条件下种植盐生植物对盐渍化土壤的脱盐效果.[方法]在滴灌条件下种植盐生植物海蓬子和盐地碱蓬.[结果]盐生植物对耕作层土壤特别是0 ～ 20 cm土壤盐分影响显著,可有效降低土壤总盐含量以及盐分离子Na+、Cl-和K+浓度,但对土壤pH值影响不明显.种植盐地碱蓬的土壤总盐量下降幅度要高于海蓬子;种植盐地碱蓬土壤Na+、K+的含量下降较明显,而种植海蓬子土壤的Cl-含量明显降低.[结论]滴灌抑盐+生物脱盐模式在改良盐渍化土壤中效果明显,盐地碱蓬可作为较理想的脱盐植物,对于盐渍化土壤的开发利用具有一定的指导意义.     

碱蓬对Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)单一及复合胁迫的反应及其吸收累积特征

采用室外盆栽模拟方法,比较并分析了Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)单一及复合胁迫对碱蓬生长的影响及其对Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)的吸收和累积规律。结果表明:在单一Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)胁迫下,低浓度时(Pb~(2+)20mg/kg、Cd~(2+)5mg/kg)促进碱蓬生长,高浓度时(Pb~(2+)200mg/kg、Cd~(2+)≥20mg/kg)抑制碱蓬生长,富集系数(BF)均1。Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)复合胁迫时,情况较复杂,既有拮抗作用,又有协同作用,与2种重金属浓度密切相关。碱蓬对Cd~(2+)的BF受Pb~(2+)影响显著,且均1,表明碱蓬是Cd~(2+)的超富集植物;碱蓬对Pb~(2+)的BF主要受Pb~(2+)自身浓度大小的影响,当Pb~(2+)浓度≤200mg/kg时Pb~(2+)的BF1,Pb~(2+)浓度200mg/kg时碱蓬对Pb~(2+)的BF反而减小,且1,加入Cd~(2+)对其影响不显著。碱蓬对Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)的富集吸收模式基本符合简单二次方程,这为研究碱蓬在Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)复合胁迫下的吸收累积机制提供理论依据,有利于碱蓬被应用于Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)污染的高盐碱地区的植物修复实践。     

碱蓬的耐盐能力及其对滨海盐渍土的改良效果

试验研究了碱蓬的耐盐能力及其对滨海盐渍土的改良效果。通过盐水浸泡试验,发现碱蓬种子在NaCl浓度<20.0g/kg的溶液中可正常发芽。盆栽和田间耐盐试验表明,碱蓬的耐盐能力在25.0g/kg左右,耐盐极限为35.0g/kg左右。碱蓬种植试验表明,种植碱蓬能够有效地降低土壤表层含盐量,增加土壤有机质含量,提高土壤中N、P、K的含量。研究证明碱蓬是一种耐盐能力很强的盐生植物,对滨海盐渍土具有显著的改良作用。     

翅碱蓬脱水素基因克隆及表达载体构建

【目的】克隆翅碱蓬脱水素蛋白基因并构建其植物表达载体,为其耐盐性研究奠定基础。【方法】提取翅碱蓬总RNA,通过同源克隆和RACE方法分离获得翅碱蓬脱水素蛋白基因,并构建该基因的植物表达载体pBI121-DHN。【结果】克隆获得翅碱蓬脱水素蛋白基因的全长cDNA为847bp（GenBank序列编号：KC013239）,命名为SsDHN。序列分析结果表明,SsDHN全长cDNA中5＇-UTR为61bp,ORF为678bp,3＇-UTR为108bp且包含29bp的poly（A）尾巴,其起始密码子ATG位于62bp处,终止密码子TAA位于737bp处,编码225个氨基酸。氨基酸比对结果表明,该基因推导的氨基酸与已知其他植物DHN基因序列有35%～48%的相似性。聚类分析结果显示,翅碱蓬（SsDHN）与拟南芥和荠菜DHN亲缘关系较近,与咖啡、杜鹃花的亲缘关系较远。【结论】成功克隆了翅碱蓬脱水素基因,并构建了其表达载体,可用于翅碱蓬抗盐的遗传改良。