精细化施氮对膜下滴灌棉花地上部植株氮素吸收积累影响

采用田间膜下滴灌,在390 kg.hm-2施氮量下,设N1、N2、N3、N4、N5共5个不同追氮处理,监测棉花全生育期植株各器官的养分吸收累积量,分析不同处理对产量和养分吸收累积量的影响。结果表明,N4处理能显著增加单铃质量,达到6 782.49 kg.hm-2的高产水平;蕾期棉花叶片含氮量随5个处理施氮分配比例的增加而增加。初花期的施氮由N1、N2转变为N3、N4处理,棉花茎的含氮量也由2.67%显著增加到3.89%。盛花期棉花叶片含氮量由N1处理的4.94%显著增加到N4处理的6.81%。盛铃期的施氮处理由N1、N2转变为N3、N4,棉铃籽粒中的含氮量由4.15%显著增加到5.05%,比叶、茎、铃壳的含氮量变化明显;5个施氮处理棉花全生育期氮素累积量分别达到199.29、197.18、201.74、218.881、92.79 kg.hm-2,与产量呈协调一致的变化规律,N4处理全生育期氮素累积量最大,初花期和吐絮初期氮素吸收量达到35.41和13.14 kg.hm-2的最大值。等施氮量下不同追氮比例处理对棉花产量产生显著影响,并同步影响氮素的吸收累积量。"前重后轻"的N4处理能提高棉花初花期氮素吸收水平,协调全生育期氮素吸收累积量,从而形成高产。     

秸秆生物反应堆技术的应用对设施黄瓜土壤微生物的影响

通过引进微生物制剂对设施黄瓜枯萎病进行生态调控研究。结果表明,在黄瓜生长前期和中期,秸秆生物反应堆处理土壤微生物结构由易发病的真菌型向有利于蔬菜生长的细菌型转变,即真菌数量几乎维持不变,但细菌和放线菌数量增加较快,后期则变化不大。使用秸秆生物反应堆技术,可提高土壤微生物对碳源的利用率,使土壤生理代谢活力增强,改变土壤营养条件,使其朝着有利于作物生长的方向进行。     

Use of UV reflective mulch to delay the colonization and reduce the severity of Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) infestations in cucurbits

Effectiveness of UV reflective plastic mulch for the management of silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring) was evaluated in selected cucurbits. The reflective mulch repelled silverleaf whitefly adults in pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima Duchesne), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and zucchini squash (Cucurbita pepo L.). Reduced colonization by B. argentifolii adults resulted in reduced populations of nymphs and a delay and reduction in the incidence of silverleaf in pumpkin and zucchini squash. Reflective mulch was as effective in reducing nymphal B. argentifolii populations as was a pre-plant soil application of imidacloprid. Zucchini squash, pumpkin and cucumber yields were significantly higher in plants grown over reflective mulch than in those grown over unmulched soil. Zucchini squash yields from plants grown over reflective mulch also were higher than from plants grown in plots receiving a pre-plant application of imidacloprid. This study confirmed that UV reflective plastic mulch can be used to manage B. argentifolii and the mulches give protection equal to that provided by imidacloprid.     

风沙半干旱区花生不同覆膜时期对土壤微生物量碳与产量的影响

在风沙半干旱区间作（大扁杏｜｜花生｜｜大扁杏）条件下,以花生品种“阜花12号”为材料,研究了不同覆膜时期对土壤微生物量碳与花生产量的影响。结果表明：不同覆膜时期花生土壤微生物量碳含量顺序为：处理Ⅱ〉处理Ⅰ〉处理Ⅲ〉处理Ⅳ（CK）。不同覆膜时期对花生产量、WUE的影响达到显著水平,产量与WUE的高低顺序均为：处理Ⅱ〉处理...     

Better tillage selection before ridge—furrow film mulch can facilitate root proliferation,and increase nitrogen accumulation,translocation and grain yield of maize in a semiarid area

Plastic film mulch systems are used widely in arid areas, and the associated tillage measures affect soil properties, root and crop growth, and nutrient uptake. However, much debate surrounds the most suitable tillage method for plastic film mulch systems. We conducted a two-year field experiment to explore the impact of three tillage treatments - rotary tillage before ridge–furrow plastic film mulch (MR), no-tillage before ridge–furrow plastic film mulch (MZ), and plow tillage before ridge–furrow plastic film mulch (MP) - on soil total nitrogen, available nitrogen, root stratification structure, nitrogen transfer and utilization, and maize yield. The results showed that MP had better soil quality than either MR or MZ over 2019 and 2020, with higher nitrate-nitrogen and total nitrogen in the 0–40 cm soil layer. MP improved the soil physicochemical properties more than the other treatments, producing significantly higher root numbers and root biomass for the aerial and underground nodal roots than MR and MZ. At harvest, MP had the highest root biomass density, root length density, and root surface area density in the different soil layers (0–20, 20–40, and 0–40 cm). Significant correlations occurred between root biomass and aboveground nitrogen accumulation during maize growth. During grain filling, MP had the greatest nitrogen transfer amount, significantly increasing root and aboveground nitrogen transfer by 19.63–45.82% and 11.15–24.56%, respectively, relative to the other treatments. MP significantly produced 1.36–26.73% higher grain yields and a higher grain crude protein content at harvest than MR and MZ. MP also had higher values for the nitrogen harvest index, nitrogen uptake efficiency, and partial factor productivity of nitrogen fertilizer than MR and MZ. In conclusion, plow tillage combined with a ridge–furrow plastic film mulch system facilitated maize root development and improved nitrogen utilization, thereby increasing maize yield more than the other treatments.     

耕作方式和秸秆还田对直播稻田土壤理化性质及其产量的影响

通过田间试验和土壤理化性质的分析,探讨秸秆还田和土壤耕作方式对直播稻田土壤理化性质和产量的影响。结果表明,秸秆还田使土壤的容重和坚实度降低,总孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度升高,同时提高土壤各层的有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾含量;深耕有利于培肥地力,增加土壤养分含量。不同土壤耕作深度和秸秆还田量对产量影响差异不显著,但农田的可持续发展能力得到了一定提高,同时,秸秆还田还能减少焚烧事件的发生,改善农村生态环境,实现农业清洁生产。     

冬小麦-夏玉米一体化垄作覆盖下农田土壤呼吸变化研究

农田土壤呼吸释放CO2过程加强是导致全球气候变暖的重要途径。通过大田原位实验,研究了雨养条件下垄作覆盖保护性耕作技术条件对土壤呼吸季节性和作物生育后期日变化的影响。结果表明,冬小麦从越冬期到灌浆期,不同处理的土壤呼吸值均以垄作覆盖值最高,平作覆盖次之,平作的值最小,平作处理与其他处理间均达到极显著差异。灌浆期各处理土壤呼吸值达到最大,分别为4．95、4．69、4．4、2．61μmol·m^-2·s^-1;成熟期各处理间大小顺序依次为：平作覆盖处理〉垄作覆盖处理〉垄作处理〉平作处理,平作覆盖与垄作覆盖分别与其他两个处理间达到极显著差异。玉米不同生育时期垄作覆盖处理土壤呼吸值均高于其他处理,平作处理的值最低,不同生育时期垄作覆盖与平作均达到极显著差异,不同处理在夏玉米抽雄期土壤呼吸值最高,成熟期最低。从冬小麦和夏玉米生长后期土壤温度（X）与土壤呼吸强度（Y）日变化看,两者呈显著线形关系,其直线回归方程分别为：Y=0．1704X-0．6372（R^2=0．882＊＊）,Y=0．1039X＋1．2073（R^2=0．8802^＊＊）。显然,同传统的种植模式相比,雨养条件下垄作秸秆覆盖保护性耕作技术模式增大了向大气环境释放CO2温室气体的数量。     

覆膜和密度对‘陇薯7号’产量及不同质量块茎分布的影响

以‘陇薯7号’原种为试验材料,采用裂区设计,研究覆膜和密度对其成熟期、产量及其构成因素以及不同质量块茎分布的影响,综合分析产量、成本、效益,提出高寒阴湿区‘陇薯7号’繁种适宜的种植方式和合理的种植密度,为其北繁南种脱毒种薯繁育技术体系的形成提供理论支持,以及在南方冬作区的大面积推广奠定基础。结果表明:黑色地膜覆盖能使‘陇薯7号’成熟期提前15 d,生育期缩短11 d,产量增加57.19%。随着密度的增加,有效株数增加,单株结薯数减少,单薯质量降低,产量显著增加。在试验设计的密度范围内,产量与密度呈线性正相关,在最高密度下获得最高产量。随着密度的增加,20 g、20～50 g块茎比率呈直线上升趋势,100g块茎比率呈直线下降趋势, 50～100 g块茎比率因种植方式不同而变化不同,地膜覆盖种植,呈先升后降的趋势,密度13.5×10~4 hm~(-2)时达到最高,露地种植则表现为持续下降的趋势。地膜覆盖主要影响20～50 g和100 g块茎比率。综合分析产量、成本和效益,以地膜覆盖密度增加到13.5×10~4 hm~(-2)为试验最佳处理,产量48 938.89 kg/hm~2,纯收益1673.53元/hm~2,20～50 g块茎比率27.15%,50～100 g块茎比率36.08%。建议在高寒阴湿区繁育‘陇薯7号’脱毒一级种采用黑色地膜覆盖种植,密度13.5×10~4 hm~(-2),块茎按质量大小进行分级。     

洛阳地区冬小麦保护性耕作节水效应研究

通过多年试验及数据监测,在防雨棚下的测坑中设置不同的水分处理,研究无覆盖与秸秆覆盖对冬小麦耗水特征、产量以及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,试验区冬小麦生育期间,覆盖与不覆盖处理间总耗水量差异明显,但不显著;秸秆覆盖对冬小麦产量和水分利用效率也存在明显的影响。     

透湿性反光膜和秸秆覆盖对越橘果实品质形成的影响

以南高丛越橘品种奥尼尔(O'Neal)和兔眼越橘品种杰兔(Premier)为试材,研究透湿性反光膜、秸秆覆盖处理对越橘果实生长发育期间品质变化的影响.结果表明,越橘园覆盖反光膜和秸秆处理,其单果重大于对照,可溶性固形物、还原糖含量也高于对照.反光膜覆盖处理的果实可滴定酸、有机酸含量显著降低,秸秆覆盖处理的果实可滴定酸、有机酸含量亦略有降低.对于果实花色苷含量,反光膜覆盖处理最高,秸秆覆盖处理居其次,而对照最低.