Effects of Rest Grazing on Organic Carbon Storage in Stipa grandis Steppe in Inner Mongolia,China

This study was aimed to evaluate the potential effects of rest grazing on organic carbon storage in Stipa grandis steppe of Inner Mongolia, China. Using potassium dichromate heating method, we analyzed the organic carbon storage of plant and soil in Stipa grand＆ steppe after rest grazing for 3, 6, and 9 yr. The results indicated that as the rest grazing ages prolonged, the biomass of aboveground parts, litter and belowground plant parts （roots） of the plant communities all increased, meanwhile the C content of the biomass increased with the rest grazing ages prolonging. For RG0, RG3a, RG6a, and RG9a, C storage in aboveground vegetation were 60.7, 76.9, 82.8 and 122.2 g C m2, respectively; C storage of litter were 5.1, 5.8, 20.4 and 25.5 g C m^-2, respectively; C storage of belowground roots （0-100 cm） were 475.2, 663.0, 1 115.0 and 1 867.3 g C m^-2, respectively; C storage in 0-100 cm soil were 13.97, 15.76, 18.60 and 32.41 kg C m^-2, respectively. As the rest grazing ages prolonged, the organic C storage in plant communities and soil increased. The C storage ofbelowground roots and soil organic C was mainly concentrated in 0-40 cm soil body. The increased soil organic C for RG3a accounted for 89.8% of the increased carbon in vegetation-soil system, 87.2% for RG6a, and 92.6% for RG9a. From the perspective of C sequestration cost, total cost for RG3a, RG6,, and RG9a were 2 903.4, 5 806.8 and 8 710.2 CNY haq, respectively. The cost reduced with the extension of rest grazing ages, 0.15 CNY kg^-1 C for RG3a, 0.11 CNY kg-~ C for RG6a and 0.04 CNY kg℃ for RG9a. From the growth characteristics of grassland plants, the spring was one of the two avoided grazing periods, timely rest grazing could effectively restore and update grassland vegetation, and was beneficial to the sustainable use of grassland. Organic C storage for RG9a was the highest, while the cost of C sequestration was the lowest. Therefore, spring rest grazing should be encouraged because it was proved to be a very efficient grassland use pattern.     

青海湖地区紫花针茅型中度与重度退化草地光能转化效率的研究

通过青海湖地区紫花针茅型中度与重度退化草地群落光能转化效率的研究，结果表明，中度与重度退化样地地上部分固定能量的季节动态基本相同，都呈“单峰”曲线，在8月下旬地上部分固定的能量达到最大值，其值分别为194188KJ／m^2、872．61KJ/m^2。两退化样地植物群落地上部分现存量的热值大于凋落物的热值，以植物生长旺盛期热值含量最高，枯黄期次之，返青期最低。地上部分植物量与能量固定之闻呈极显著的线性正相关，地上植物量每增加1g／m2，中度与重度退化样地植物群落贮存的能量将随之分别增加18．687KJ／m^2、18．055KJ/m^2，在地上0-10cm区间中度与重度退化样地固定的能量分别占地上总能量的79．25％、81．15％。中度与重度退化样地地上部分对总辐射转化率的变幅分别为-0．076-0.13、-0.022-0．045，对太阳总辐射的转化率分别为0．03％、0．013%。     

高CO2浓度和土壤干旱对贝加尔针茅C,N积累和分配的影响

贝加尔针茅是我国内蒙古草原和东北松嫩平原草地生态系统中的主要植物群落。本文通过模拟大气中CO2浓度升高和土壤干旱研究了贝加尔针茅C，N的积累及分配的影响。结果表明：CO2浓度升高使根和叶的生物量显著增加，土壤干旱使根和叶的生物量显著减小；C，N含量随土壤湿度的增加而显著增加，且在高CO2浓度下的C，N含量高于环境CO2浓度下的含量；从C，N的分配看，在叶中的含量显著高于在根中的含量。大气中CO2浓度升高对C，N积累量的增加减轻了大气的温室效应，且这种作用随着土壤湿度的增加而加大。在高CO2浓度下，贝加尔针茅根和叶的C／N比随土壤湿度的增加而减小，但在当前环境CO2浓度下并未表现出这种变化趋势；贝加尔针茅叶的C／N比远小于根的C／N比，叶的营养价值更高。     

Effect of the conversion of grassland to spring wheat field on the CO2 emission characteristics in Inner Mongolia, China

Chinese grasslands have undergone great changes in land use in recent decades. Approximately 18.2% of the present arable land in China originated from the cultivation of grassland, but its impact on the carbon cycle has not been fully understood. This study was conducted in situ for 3 years to assess the comprehensive effects of cultivation of temperate steppe on soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil respiration rates as well as ecosystem respiration. As compared with those in the Stipa baicalensis steppe, the SOC concentrations at depths of 0–10 and 10–20 cm in the spring wheat field were found to have decreased by 38.3 and 17.4% respectively from 29.5 and 21.9 g kg⁻¹ to 18.2 and 18.1 g kg⁻¹ after a cultivation period of 30 years. Accordingly, the total amounts of soil respiration through the growing season (from April to September) in 2002, 2003 and 2004 were 265.2, 282.2 and 237.4 g C m⁻² respectively in the spring wheat field, which were slightly lower than the values of 342.2, 412.0 and 312.1 g C m⁻² in the S. baicalensis steppe, while ecosystem respiration of 690.9, 991.2 and 569.6 g C m⁻² respectively in the spring wheat field were markedly higher than those of 447.0, 470.9 and 429.7 g C m⁻² in the steppe plot. Similar seasonal variations of ecosystem respiration and soil respiration existed in both sample sites. Respiration rates were higher and greater differences existed in both ecosystem respiration and soil respiration during the exuberant growth stage of plants (from mid-June to mid-August). However, in the slower-growth period of the growing season (before late May and after late August), the CO₂ effluxes of the two sample sites were similar and remained at a relatively low level. The results also showed that ecosystem respiration and soil respiration were under similar environmental controls in both sample sites. Soil water content at a depth of 0–10 cm and soil temperatures at 5 and 10 cm were the main factors affecting the variations in ecosystem respiration and soil respiration rates in droughty years of 2002 and 2004 and in the rainy 2003, respectively. This study suggests that the conversion of the grassland to the spring wheat field has increased the carbon loss of the whole ecosystem due to the change of vegetation cover type and significantly reduced the carbon storage of surface soil. In addition, the tillage of grassland had different effects on ecosystem respiration and soil respiration. The effects were also dissimilar in different growth stages, which should be fully considered when assessing and predicting the effects of cultivation on the net CO₂ balance of grassland ecosystems.     

Microsite differences in fungal hyphal length, glomalin, and soil aggregate stability in semiarid Mediterranean steppes

Glomalin is a recently discovered glypoproteinaceous substance produced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) that plays an important role in structuring soil. We quantified soil fungal hyphal length and glomalin content at vegetated and open microsites in Stipa tenacissima steppes of SE Spain. Soils underneath the canopy of S. tenacissima had higher glomalin pools compared to open microsites. We also found significant differences between sites, suggesting the presence of landscape level heterogeneity in glomalin concentration. Soil fungal hyphal length also differed significantly among the sites, but there was no significant effect of microsite. Water-stable aggregates (1-2 mm diameter; WSA_1-2 mm), however, while differing among sites, did not vary as a function of microsite. Furthermore, WSA_1-2 mm was negatively correlated with glomalin fractions, as well as soil organic C. Carbonates were likely the major binding agents in these carbonate-rich (average carbonate content: 71%) soils, and not organic C (including glomalin). AMF-mediated stabilization of soil aggregates did not contribute to the formation and maintenance of fertile islands underneath the canopy of S. tenacissima.     

牦牛藏羊混合放牧对高寒草地紫花针茅功能性状的影响

植物功能性状是植物响应草地变化的主要指标,对于了解草地发展进程具有重要意义。本试验对牦牛、藏羊混合放牧（不同放牧方式）下对紫花针茅（Stipa purpurea）叶片元素含量（碳含量、氮含量、碳氮比）及种群表型性状指标（植株高度、单株重、叶厚、比叶面积）进行测定,旨在明确放牧方式对紫花针茅的影响。结果显示：不同放牧方式对紫花针茅碳含量、氮含量、碳氮比、叶厚无显著影响,对植株高度、单株重、比叶面积影响显著（P<0.05）,牦牛藏羊1∶4混牧处理下紫花针茅植株高度、单株重、比叶面积受放牧影响最显著（P<0.05）,与禁牧相比,分别降低了39.0%,59.70%,22.8%;相关性分析可知：植株高度、比叶面积、单株重存在极显著正相关关系（P<0.01）;单株重是紫花针茅响应放牧干扰的主要性状指标;综合分析可得牦牛藏羊1∶4混牧处理对紫花针茅功能性状影响最为显著。     

内蒙古7种针茅属植物生态位研究

针茅属植物是内蒙古草原的主要优势种或建群种,具有重要的经济和生态价值。本研究以内蒙古地区7种针茅属植物为研究对象,分析其在群落中的相对重要值、生态位宽度及其在群落中的生态位重叠。结果表明：短花针茅（Stipa breviflora）、戈壁针茅（S. tianschanica）、小针茅（S. klemenzii）、沙生针茅（S. glareosa）和大针茅（S. grandis）在群落中的相对重要值大于30%,而克氏针茅（S. krylovii.）和贝加尔针茅（S. baicalensis）的相对重要值较小。生态位宽度分析发现：短花针茅、戈壁针茅、小针茅、沙生针茅和大针茅的生态位宽度较高,在群落中具有优势地位,且对生长环境适应能力较强。而克氏针茅和贝加尔针茅生态位宽度显著低于上述5种针茅属植物。贝加尔针茅、克氏针茅、沙生针茅及大针茅的平均生态位重叠指数较大;而戈壁针茅、短花针茅及小针茅的平均生态位重叠指数较小。     

氮添加对贝加尔针茅草原土壤活性有机碳和碳库管理指数的影响

以贝加尔针茅草原为研究对象,施氮模拟氮沉降增加,设置N₀,N₅₀,N₁₀₀,N₂₀₀,N₃₀₀(0,50,100,200,300 kg N·hm^-2·年^-1)5个氮添加水平,研究不同氮添加水平变化对土壤活性有机碳和碳库管理指数的影响。结果表明,与对照N₀相比,N₅₀、N₁₀₀、N₂₀₀和N₃₀₀处理显著提高了土壤易氧化有机碳和可溶性有机碳含量,显著降低了土壤微生物量碳含量。N₁₀₀处理显著提高了土壤易氧化有机碳和可溶性有机碳的组分比例,显著提高了土壤碳库活度、碳库活度指数和碳库管理指数。N₂₀₀和N₃₀₀处理显著降低了土壤易氧化有机碳组分比例,显著降低了土壤碳库活度、碳库活度指数和碳库管理指数。分析结果表明,土壤易氧化有机碳分配比例、可溶性有机碳分配比例、微生物量碳分配比例、碳库活度指数和碳库管理指数之间呈极显著相关性(P<0.01)。在未来氮沉降持续增加的情况下,贝加尔针茅草原土壤碳库质量可能会降低。     

夏长芒草典型草原健康评价途径与标准试验研究

以宁夏固原云雾山草原自然保护区为中心向外呈辐射状布设监测调查样方,利用草地基况法和模糊综合评价2种方法对宁夏长芒草（Stipa bungeana）典型草原进行健康评价,并在评价的基础上提出宁夏长芒草典型草原健康评价标准体系。研究表明,1）长芒草典型草原用草地基况法的评价结果为云雾山、月亮山、南华山的草地处于健康状态, 原州区、彭阳县、隆德县、西吉县、盐池县的草地处于健康但有问题状态,海原县、同心县的草地处于不健康状态;2）模糊综合评价法的评价结果为云雾山、月亮山、南华山为健康草地,原州区、彭阳县、隆德县、西吉县、盐池县为亚健康草地,海原县、同心县为不健康草地;3）按照宁夏长芒草典型草原健康评价标准体系将宁夏草地划分为健康、健康但有问题和不健康3个等级。     

短花针茅种群生长特性的数学模拟和应用

本文应用多项式回归对短花针茅种群生长的枝条消长、根系水溶性总糖含量及各个物候期的产量等特性进行数学模拟,得到了比较理想的结论。