离心泵的起动特性分析

对离心泵不同起动方式时的起动特性进行了分析探讨，并对三种型式电机的起动特性进行了介绍，为离心泵选择合适的起动方式提供依据。     

The influence of physical watercourse parameters on the degree of anadromy in different lake populations of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus (L.)) in northern Norway

The influence of physical watercourse parameters on the degree of anadromy was studied in 15 lake populations of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus (L.)) in northern Norway. The anadromy of the different populations was scored based on the following criteria; marine parasites. fish length and length at maturity. There were significant negative correlations between the anadromy scores and both the length of the outlet rivers of the different lakes and a migration barrier index for the different watercourses (combining migration distance and water velocity). It is hypothsized that these correlations were due to differences in energy expenditure for charr during upstream migration and/or differences in predation pressure on charr during river migration. Short rivers with relatively high water velocity seem to be the most preferable conditions for the anadromous life-history strategy. There were no correlations between the degree of anadromy and mean river slope or minimum summer water discharge.     

HABR启动过程中污泥特性变化研究

[目的]探索HABR启动过程中污泥的变化和微生物相。[方法]采用低负荷方式对HABR进行启动,研究HABR启动过程中1#、2#、3#、4#隔室内的污泥特性和微生物相变化。通过测定污泥中辅酶F420的浓度、VSS/SS及挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)等指标,研究微生物种群的活性,并通过光学显微镜和电镜扫描观察各个隔室内污泥形状及微生物的种类。[结果]启动成功后,反应器中颗粒污泥的粒径沿程变小;各隔室内微生物种群大致相同,但各隔室的优势菌群有所差异,隔室内的微生物菌群随隔室水质不同而发生演变,前2个隔室的优势菌是产酸菌,而后2个隔室则以产甲烷菌为主;颗粒污泥有机物含量很高,其VSS与SS的质量比在0.7左右,说明其生物活性很好。[结论]HABR启动过程中存在比较明显的生物分相。     

Stochastic simulation of forest fuel sourcing models under risk

Abstract

Climate change effects such as storms and droughts are leading to increased risk of forest damage in central Europe. The aim of this paper was to evaluate forest fuel sourcing models including climate change-induced risks on forest fuel supply. Stochastic risk events, such as storms and bark beetle infestations, were modelled by means of a Monte Carlo simulation, and the economic performance was evaluated for two fuel-sourcing models supplying a single combined heat and power plant (CHP). The first sourcing model depicted a common sourcing model for Austrian CHPs, where only forest chips provided by long- and short-term suppliers were stored. The second sourcing model additionally enabled the storage of salvaged pulpwood to supply forest fuel from the plant's own inventory during shortage periods. Simulation results showed that storing salvage pulpwood as feedstock considerably reduced supply chain risks and resulted in lower procurement costs (1–3% less than normal delivered cost without storing salvaged pulpwood).     

运输问题最优方案探讨

运用两种方法即最小元素法和最大最小元素法。求运输问题的最优方案。最小元素法编制初始方案只考虑运价:最大最小元素法编制初始方案既考虑运价,又同时考虑了供求量。两种方法编制初始方案出发点不同,通过调整、改进,最终得到的使总运费最少的最优方案就不一样。因此,运输问题最优方案不是唯一的。     

我国籼稻区不同种植模式的效益比较及经营问题——以湖南省为例

基于湖南省长沙县、岳阳县、临澧县和益阳市大通湖区4个主产县（区）水稻种植户微观调研数据,按早稻、双季晚稻、一季稻以及再生稻的种植模式分类,对不同模式成本效益的变化趋势、不同规模经营效益等进行了分析,并探析了不同模式生产经营中面临的个性问题、共性问题和区域问题。结果发现,不同种稻模式和主体单位面积净利润均呈下降趋势,适度规模具有成本优势;再生稻效益较好,但面临制度和技术限制;籼稻区面临的共性和区域问题包括机械化率低、信贷成本高、品牌效应弱等。基于此,从政府加大农田基础设施建设力度、完善社会化服务、畅通信贷渠道、引导订单化生产、将再生稻纳入粮食统计等方面提出了提高我国籼稻生产经营效益的政策建议。     

On‐site and off‐site effects of wind erosion on European light soils

In intensively cultivated areas with light soils in Europe, wind erosion can have important on‐site and off‐site effects. In the framework of the EU research project Wind Erosion and European Light Soils (WEELS), an assessment has been made of these effects and of the order of magnitude of the damage and costs caused by these effects. An analysis is made of the land use and cropping in four selected sites, and farmers have provided information about the damage of wind erosion. This damage consists mainly of crop losses and additional inputs in the case of resowing. Detailed information from one of these sites shows that depending on the crop the average annual on‐site costs in high‐risk areas amount to about €60 per hectare. However, for sugar beet and oilseed rape the costs can be once in five years as much as €500 per hectare. Farmers are generally well aware of the erosion risk and do apply a variety of control measures. With these measures the average annual costs of wind erosion can be reduced significantly. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Social costs and incentives for optimal control of soil nutrient depletion in the central highlands of Ethiopia

This study analysed trade-offs between short- and long-term objectives of soil use by smallholder teff farmers in Ethiopia. Compared to socially optimal solutions it was found that smallholder farmers discount the future at higher private rates leading to overexploitation of soil nutrients. Current soil conservation efforts, however, are well above static optimization levels suggesting smallholder farmers consider the long-term (dynamic) costs of soil degradation. There is evidence of high social gains from better utilization of soil resources through appropriate policy such as tenure security, to improve incentives for smallholder farmers to adjust input use towards socially desirable dynamic optimization levels.     

Determining the disaggregated economic value of irrigation water in the Musi sub-basin in India

In this paper the residual method is used to determine the disaggregated economic value of irrigation water used in agriculture across crops, zones and seasons. This method relies on the belief that the value of a good (its price by its quantity) is equal to the summation of the quantity of each input multiplied by its average value. By applying this method to the Musi sub-basin; a subdivision of the Krishna basin in India, it was found that the value of irrigation water use is not equated across the crops, zones and seasons. The reasons why there is no sinlge value of irrigation water use are suggested. As farmers do not have perfect knowledge, do not all possess the same resource base, plant different crops for a variety of reasons (some for a financial return on land instead of water and others for sustenance), possess different crop rotation practices and are possibly riks adverse, they all value water differently. However, the results need to be interpreted with care as the crop with the lowest return to water is probably not the one to be sacrificed if water is restricted, since farmers plant crops for a variety of reasons (and sometimes not for the highest return to water that they can achieve).