复合菌剂和NaOH预处理提高秸秆厌氧消化性能

为提高纤维素类原料厌氧消化性能,降低处理成本,该研究采用复合菌剂和2%、4%、6%、8%NaOH（以玉米秸秆干物质质量计）对以玉米秸秆为代表的纤维素类发酵原料进行预处理,研究不同预处理方式对纤维素等成分的含量、厌氧消化性能和生产成本的影响。试验结果表明,经复合菌剂和NaOH处理后,秸秆的木质素、纤维素和半纤维素总含量显著降低,产气量和产气效率提高,其中,添加6%NaOH的预处理方式效果最佳,复合菌剂次之,与未处理相比,单位干物质质量产气量从120.70 mL/g分别提高到374.30和334.76 mL/g,厌氧消化时间从大于30 d缩短到18和19 d。采用复合菌剂和2%、4%、6%、8%NaOH预处理生产沼气所需的可变成本分别为0.72、0.80、0.98、1.09和1.57元/m3。综合考虑产气效率和生产成本,复合菌剂预处理由于具有较低的处理成本、较高的产气效率和较短的消化时间更利于推广应用。     

中国化肥施用的环境成本估算

以化肥施用的污染产生剂量分析为基础,借助能值分析理论和伤残调整生命年评估手段,估算了1990～2005年以来全国化肥施用环境影响的能值成本和宏观经济价值。结果显示:(1)我国化肥施用的环境影响比较显著,2005年全国化肥施用环境成本共计188亿元,约占当年农业增加值的1.5%;(2)时间序列来看,1990～2005年来全国化肥施用环境成本年均增长7.1%,并在21世纪以来呈明显的增速下降趋势;(3)空间分布特征来看,化肥施用的生态环境影响呈现显著的东强西弱空间格局,经济发达区土地要素更加稀缺,偏向于化肥等替代要素的密集性投入,因此化肥环境成本负荷相应较大。本研究通过能值分析法评估了化肥施用的环境成本,避免了传统环境估值手段的不足,开拓了环境成本评估的方法领域。     

山东沿海地区耕地利用集约度时空特征

为了探讨沿海地区耕地保护利用和国家粮食安全的政策指向,选取山东省2400个农户成本数据,利用层次分析法和因子分析法构建了以粮食主产区为背景的耕地利用集约度评价指标体系并将之应用于山东省。分析结果显示,耕地利用集约度所表现出来的时空特征主要受制于农药强度;产出效率增长速度与水平落后于要素强度;粮食保障水平与耕地利用集约度呈正相关;半岛蓝色经济区整体表现优于规划联动区。研究所体现的政策指向是：中央政府应进一步加大对地处沿海粮食主产区的投入力度,研发高效低污染农药,充分发挥沿海经济与技术进步对农业生产的辐射,使产出效率在保持提高的条件下进一步提升耕地利用集约度,提高直补效率,保障新时期国家的粮食安全。     

Productive and economic parameters of pigs supplemented from weaning to finishing with prebiotic and probiotic feed additives

Practical evidence suggests possible beneficial effects with the combined use of prebiotics and probiotics which can improve production parameters. The objective of the study was to investigate the addition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) as prebiotic and the combination of Lactobacillus spp. (L), Bacillus spp. (B) as probiotics on productive parameters and economic feasibility. Four hundred male pigs, hybrids of commercial genetic lines (Pietrain), were used: T1 = control group, T2 = 4 kg/tonne SC, T3 = 0.8 kg/tonne feed L and B, T4 = 4 kg/tonne SC + 0.8 kg/tonne L and B. Productive parameters were recorded in the treatment groups for four periods. Then, the viscera of five pigs per treatment were collected after slaughter to evaluate the histological changes and cytokine concentrations in the ileum. The weight gains of groups at 70–100, 100–125 and 125–150 days in the T4 group showed statistically increases (p < .05). Feed intake had a significant difference (p < .05) in T3 versus T1. The feed‐conversion ratio improved for all periods in the T4 group (p < .05). The eosinophil, mononuclear infiltration and cytokines (tumor necrosis factor‐α and interleukin‐6) in the mucosa were lower for treatments with probiotics. In conclusion, there was an economic benefit when using both prebiotics and probiotics in the diet of pigs from weaning to finishing.     

Preliminary Report on the “Humane Coyote-Getter” for the Control of the Black-Backed Jackal thos Mesomelas in the Transvaal

The diet of Canis mesomelas was studied in the central Namib Desert, South West Africa. A sample of 772 scats was collected from three main sites (coastal, dry riverine and open plains) and two minor sites (Diamond Area 2). Scats from the coastal site contained predominantly bird material whereas scats from the riverine and plains sites contained predominantly plant material. The present study is compared with other feeding studies of this species, particularly in South Africa.     

Oat silage for grazing dairy cows in small-scale dairy systems in the highlands of central Mexico

The objective was to evaluate the provision of oat silage (Avena sativa) to supplement grazing dairy cows on pastures of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), festulolium (Lolium multiflorum × Festuca pratense) and white clover (Trifolium repens) during the dry season when pasture growth is limited. The experimental design was a 3 × 3 Latin square replicated three times, with nine milking Holstein cows (mean live weight 496.2 ± 33.6 kg and daily milk yield 14.8 ± 2.8 kg cow^?1) under on-farm participatory rural research. Experimental periods were 14 d. Simulated grazing samples of pasture herbage were analysed for chemical composition, sward height recorded and net herbage accumulation determined from exclusion cages. Treatments were the inclusion of oat silage at T0 = 0 kg DM cow^?1 d^?1 of oat silage, T3 = 3 kg DM cow^?1 d^?1 of oat silage, and T6 = 6 kg DM cow^?1 d^?1 of oat silage, plus 5.0 kg fresh weight commercial concentrate and 9 h of continuous grazing. Animal variables were milk yield and composition, live weight and body condition score. Feeding costs were calculated. Mean milk yield was 18.9 ± 0.27 kg cow^?1 d^?1 with no differences in animal variables (p > 0.05), but feeding costs per kilogram milk increased 25% for T3 and 50% for T6. Oat silage supplementation is only viable under difficult grazing conditions.     

榆林市绿色GDP核算研究

以榆林市2006～2010年的数据为基础,通过对自然资源耗减价值和污染治理成本的估算,核算出了12个区县的绿色GDP值及绿色GDP扣减指数。核算分析显示,自然资源耗减损失是环境代价的主要方面,北六县(区)的环境污染和生态破坏相比较更严重。因此,要加强生态补偿,提升产业结构,找到县域经济发展与资源环境保护的契合点,促进县域经济的可持续发展。     

Land use choices in a changing world

The primary factors which are likely to mould future non-urban land use patterns in Australia are identified. Over the past three decades the rate of increase in land productivity in Australia has been higher than for any other OECD country. Land degradation does not appear to have seriously threatened agricultural output over the last 45 years. However, there is cause for concern that land degradation, attributable to past activities, may only now be exerting a significant impact on productivity in some regions. Many of the services provided by natural resources have been underpriced; consequently, there has been a bias in agricultural research towards technologies that enhance on-site productivity, but which impose excessive external social costs. Underpricing of native trees from state-owned and managed forests appears to have caused excessive exploitation of these forests and lowered the establishment of softwood and hardwood plantations. Many important land use and land cover issues remain unresolved in Australia's rangelands, including questions relating to the optimum grazing pressures, the role of fires in the suppression of unpalatable shrubs and appropriate management strategies for controlling numbers of large kangaroos and rabbits and protecting the natural habitat of threatened species of native animals. The riparian zone, which acts as a crucial buffer between rivers and their catchments, has been one of the most neglected environments in Australia, possibly because river banks, floodplains and wetlands do not fit neatly into the category of land or water. It is widely accepted that the aboriginal peoples must be involved in seeking to achieve the sustainable use of our natural resources. How to achieve the appropriate participation and involvement of aboriginal peoples is a problem that is yet to be fully resolved. In many respects, renewable natural resource systems in Australia are unique. Knowledge creation and application will be a most important resource for the future management of our agricultural forestry and natural resource systems. The solutions to many of the major renewable resource problems do not depend on technology alone. Institutional changes and incentive structures are required that recognize and take account of the pervasive and complex interrelationships between human reactions and responses in their production and consumption activities and the environment.     

可占用准租金视角下农村集体建设用地流转租赁制改进研究——基于江苏省宜兴市的调查

探索如何高效率地解决集体建设用地流转租赁制中可能存在的"敲竹杠"问题，有助于优化我国集体建设用地租赁流转方式。企业生产设备的资产专用性高，产生的可占用准租金高，使企业面临被村集体"敲竹杠"的风险。江苏宜兴市通过流转双方互惠协议和声誉机制等自动实施契约联结，且租赁交易受到第三方干预机制——市政府文件中明确履约保证的约束，共同避免了村集体的"敲竹杠"行为。为促进集体建设用地租赁制健康发展，应借鉴宜兴"长租短约制"，延长租赁期限，稳定租赁关系，避免土地所有者通过抽回土地的威胁来"敲竹杠"。同时，政府应发挥市场规范者的角色，建立清晰的违约责任惩处机制。