金黄色葡萄球菌对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞Wnt/β-catenin信号通路和相关修复因子的影响

采用金黄色葡萄球菌侵袭原代奶牛乳腺上皮细胞,观察该病原菌对乳腺上皮细胞Wnt/β-catenin信号通路关键蛋白和相关修复因子EGFR、TGF-β3和VEGF基因mRNA表达的影响。金黄色葡萄球菌以MOI=1∶1的比例接种奶牛乳腺上皮细胞,分别作用0,15,30,45,60,120,240 min,采用Western blot法检测乳腺上皮细胞β-catenin、Cyclin D1及c-Myc蛋白表达水平;免疫荧光法检测β-catenin的表达及核易位;荧光定量PCR检测EGFR、TGF-β3和VEGF基因mRNA表达。结果显示,β-catenin蛋白在45,60,120 min表达量升高,与0 min相比差异显著(P<0.05);Cyclin D1蛋白在45,60,120和240 min表达量升高,差异显著或极显著(P<0.05或P<0.01);c-Myc蛋白在15,30,60,120,240 min表达量升高,差异极显著(P<0.01)。修复相关因子EGFR、TGF-β3和VEGF基因mRNA的表达量在30 min均出现极显著升高(P<0.01),且VEGF基因mRNA在45,60,120和240 min均呈现极显著升高(P<0.01),EGFR基因mRNA表达量在30,45和60 min时表达量极显著升高(P<0.01)。结果表明,金黄色葡萄球菌侵袭奶牛乳腺上皮细胞后,诱导Wnt/β-catenin信号通路的转导和修复因子EGFR、TGF-β3和VEGF基因转录,该信号通路和修复因子可能参与金黄色葡萄球菌导致的炎症和细胞损伤的修复过程。     

FcRn介导Fc与金黄色葡萄球菌毒力因子融合蛋白跨细胞转运至局部免疫触发位点

为了探究奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌毒力因子的重组蛋白能否经上皮屏障被转运至特定的乳腺局部免疫触发位点,本研究对金黄色葡萄球菌毒力因子重组蛋白FnBPB-ClfA和Fc融合蛋白Fc-FnBPB-ClfA的跨细胞转运机制、新生儿Fc受体(FcRn)是否参与此进程进行了验证。原代奶牛乳腺上皮细胞(pbMECs)接种于Transwell嵌套内的多孔膜上,培养至极性状态且细胞屏障完整,用于胞吞转运试验。将pbMECs对重组蛋白的胞吞转运试验设置为温度处理组(37℃和4℃)、蛋白A处理组、胞转途径抑制剂处理组。结果表明,2种重组蛋白均可被转运跨过pbMECs屏障,该转运作用呈温度依赖性,可能与囊泡介导的转运路径及FcRn受体有关,排除了细胞旁路扩散的可能。蛋白A对FnBPB-ClfA的跨细胞转运及亚细胞定位无明显影响,但明显减少了Fc-FnBPB-ClfA的跨细胞转运及其在细胞膜蛋白、骨架蛋白中的数量,说明Fc-FnBPB-ClfA的Fc与FcRn的结合在胞吞转运作用中发挥重要作用。LY294002、非律平以剂量-效应关系分别降低了FnBPB-ClfA、Fc-FnBPB-ClfA的跨细胞转运。结果表明,Fc融合蛋白Fc-FnBPB-ClfA能经胞吞转运作用跨过pbMECs屏障至局部免疫触发位点,且FcRn参与并促进了Fc融合蛋白的胞吞转运作用。     

四川省一些实验动物养殖场SPF大鼠和小鼠肠内容物中金黄色葡萄球菌的检测

调查四川省一些实验动物养殖场的实验动物中金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus,SA)携带情况,找出传播途径和进化规律,分析其污染原因,为保障实验动物质量提供技术支撑。按照GB/T 14926.14-2001《实验动物金黄色葡萄球菌检测方法》对2011年-2017年四川省部分实验动物中SA进行检测,对分离的SA菌株进行PCR耐药基因mecA检测,并应用金黄色葡萄球菌A蛋白(Staphylococcus protein A,SPA)和脉冲场电泳(pulsed field gel electrophoresis,PFGE)进行分子分型。结果显示,2011年-2017年共从7家实验动物养殖场采集并完成370只实验动物中SA的检测,共检出SA 31株,总分离率为12.16%,且均从SPF大鼠中分离所得。31株SA的mecA基因均为阴性。SPA可分成5个型别,其中T2360为优势型别,PFGE型别有10个带型。四川省养殖实验动物中仅SPF大鼠携带SA,不同年份检出SA基因型别基本不同,不同养殖场同一年检出的SA具有相同基因型,说明不同养殖场中的SA可能来自同一污染源,应加强SPF大鼠监控,以确保实验动物的质量。     

新疆、内蒙古部分地区乳房炎奶样中金黄色葡萄球菌的流行性与耐药性分析

为确定患乳房炎奶牛乳中金黄色葡萄球菌的流行性和耐药性状况,试验自2018年4月至2018年5月采集了新疆地区70例和内蒙古地区50例患乳房炎奶牛生鲜乳样。通过对奶样中金黄色葡萄球菌进行增菌培养、分离纯化,KB纸片扩散法药敏试验及PCR耐药基因检测发现,新疆和内蒙古地区奶样中金黄色葡萄球菌分离率分别为28.6%和54.0%;新疆地区分离的金黄色葡萄球菌菌株对青霉素G的耐药性最高(75.0%),其次是磺胺异噁唑(60.0%)、林可霉素(55.0%);内蒙古地区的金黄色葡萄球菌菌株同样对青霉素G高度耐受,耐药率为70.4%,其次为林可霉素(63.0%)、克林霉素(51.9%);两地区所分离菌株中,88.9%以上携带多种耐药基因,呈现多重耐药性;两地区所检出的高频耐药基因分别是新疆地区的ermA(30.0%)、dfrS1(30.0%)基因和内蒙古地区的lnuA(46.2%)基因。     

Biofilm production by pathogens associated with canine otitis externa,and the antibiofilm activity of ionophores and antimicrobial adjuvants

Otitis externa (OE) is a frequently reported disorder in dogs associated with secondary infections by Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas and yeast pathogens. The presence of biofilms may play an important role in the resistance of otic pathogens to antimicrobial agents. Biofilm production of twenty Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and twenty Pseudomonas aeruginosa canine otic isolates was determined quantitatively using a microtiter plate assay, and each isolate was classified as a strong, moderate, weak or nonbiofilm producer. Minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) of two ionophores (narasin and monensin) and three adjuvants (N‐acetylcysteine (NAC), Tris‐EDTA and disodium EDTA) were investigated spectrophotometrically (OD_570nm) and quantitatively (CFU/ml) against selected Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas biofilm cultures. Concurrently, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of planktonic cultures were assessed. 16/20 of the S. pseudintermedius clinical isolates were weak biofilm producers. 19/20 P. aeruginosa clinical isolates produced biofilms and were distributed almost equally as weak, moderate and strong biofilm producers. While significant antibiofilm activity was observed, no MBEC was achieved with narasin or monensin. The MBEC for NAC ranged from 5,000–10,000 µg/ml and from 20,000–80,000 µg/ml against S. pseudintermedius and P. aeruginosa, respectively. Tris‐EDTA eradicated P. aeruginosa biofilms at concentrations ranging from 6,000/1,900 to 12,000/3,800 µg/ml. The MBEC was up to 16‐fold and eightfold higher than the MIC/MBC of NAC and Tris‐EDTA, respectively. Disodium EDTA reduced biofilm growth of both strains at concentrations of 470 µg/ml and higher. It can be concluded that biofilm production is common in pathogens associated with canine OE. NAC and Tris‐EDTA are effective antibiofilm agents in vitro that could be considered for the treatment of biofilm‐associated OE in dogs.     

利血平增敏法检测恩诺沙星药物残留的研究

目的了解恩诺沙星对金黄色葡萄球菌(金葡菌)的抗菌活性及利血平对其抗菌活性的影响。方法采用对倍稀释浓度琼脂平板法测定抗菌药物的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)值,同法测定利血平对恩诺沙星对金葡菌MIC值的影响。结果利血平可有效增强恩诺沙星的抗菌活性,增大了恩诺沙星抑制金葡菌的抑菌圈直径,提高了恩诺沙星在组织中检测的灵敏度。研究发现利血平加入后中心浓度由0.5ul/ml变为0.0625ul/ml,最低检测限由0.125μg/ml降低到0.015625μg/ml。最低检测限减低了8倍。     

Identical genotypes of community‐associated MRSA (ST59) and livestock‐associated MRSA (ST9) in humans and pigs in rural China

This study investigated the prevalence of MRSA in samples taken in households, with and without backyard pigs in villages in a rural area of Shandong Province, China. Community‐associated MRSA and livestock‐associated MRSA, belonging to ST59 and ST9, respectively, were identified in both humans and pigs. The genotypic and phenotypic comparison of isolates indicates that bidirectional transmission of MRSA has occurred between humans and pigs in the villages.     

Phenotypic and genotypic traits of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from pig carcasses

A total of 142 S. aureus strains isolated from pig carcasses from abattoirs A (n = 98) and B (n = 44) were characterized by phenotypic and genotypic traits. Phenotypically, 96% showed yellow-pigmented colonies, 63% β/δ hemolysis, 85% were egg yolk-positive and 99% were positive for clumping factor/protein A. Only 25% of the strains were resistant to the antimicrobials tested (abattoir A: 19%; abattoir B: 39%), especially to penicillin and ampicillin. None of the strains harbored the mecA gene, which is conserved in methicillin-resistant S. aureus. The biofilm associated genes icaA, icaD and bap were present in 100%, 100% and 0% of the strains. Genes for staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) were detected in 51% (abattoir A) and 14% of the strains (abattoir B). Among strains harboring SE genes (n = 56), 63%, 31%, 4% and 2% tested positive for seg/sei, seg, sei and sec, respectively. The amplification of the 3′ end of the coagulase gene (coa) yielded amplicons of 400, 436, 602, 682 or 776 bp. Coa restriction profile (CRP) analysis using HaeIII resulted in seven patterns (a–d, e1–e3). CRP (c) was detected most frequently at both abattoirs, whereas CRP (a) was restricted to abattoir A and CRP (e3) to abattoir B. In the slaughter process (abattoir B), (i) two CRPs (b and d) were only found before dehairing/singeing, and (ii) four CRPs (c, e1–e3) were identified throughout the process. The genotyping revealed a remarkable homogeneity in S. aureus strains from the two different abattoirs and the slaughter process stages. These results may be explained by the distribution of a limited number of S. aureus genotypes in the pig population. Moreover, as the predominant CRPs (c, e1–e3) persisted throughout the slaughter process in abattoir B, it may be hypothesized that these types are characterized by colonization advantages.     

金黄色葡萄球菌临床分离耐氟喹诺酮类药物株的gyrA和grlA基因突变

对 5株临床分离的耐氟喹诺酮类药物的金黄色葡萄球菌 (MIC值范围 :4～≥ 12 8mg/ L) ,提取各细菌染色体DNA,对 gyr A和 grl A基因进行 PCR扩增 ,产物与 p MD18- T载体连接 ,转化至大肠杆菌 JM10 9感受态细胞 ,筛选阳性克隆 ,测序。序列分析结果表明 ,5株菌均发生了基因突变。突变位点 grl A:Ser80 (TCC)→ Phe(TGC) ,Ser80 (TCC)→ Tyr(TAC) ;gyr A:Ser84 (TCA)→ L eu(TTA )、Ser84 (TCA)→ Ala(GCA)、Glu88(GAA)→ L ys(AAA) ,其中 2株对氟喹诺酮类药物的 MIC值低 (4～ 6 4 m g/ L) ,均发生 grl A单一点突变 ,其余 3株在 gyr A和 grl A上产生多突变位点 ,且对氟喹诺酮类药物的 MIC值较高 (8～≥ 12 8mg/ L )。说明单一的点突变只能引起低水平或中等水平的耐药 ,高水平的耐药需要多位点的突变。 5株耐药菌株均发生 grl A Ser80→ Tyr(Phe)点突变 ,提示环丙沙星、诺氟沙星等氟喹诺酮类药物作用于金黄色葡萄球菌的首要靶酶是拓扑异构酶 Iv     

金黄色葡萄球菌诱导型乳腺炎对中国荷斯坦奶牛乳中脂肪酸组成的影响

本文旨在研究金黄色葡萄球菌诱导型乳腺炎对中国荷斯坦奶牛乳中脂肪酸组成及其绝对含量的影响。根据奶牛乳房结构,试验组利用通乳针将金黄色葡萄球菌细菌悬液经乳头管注射入奶牛乳房内,建立诱导型金黄色葡萄球菌型乳腺炎模型,对照组灌注磷酸盐缓冲液,采用气相色谱法测定乳中的脂肪酸绝对含量。结果表明:乳中共检出34种脂肪酸,金黄色葡萄球菌诱导对感染乳区脂肪酸合成产生直接影响。按不饱和度和碳链长度划分的6大类脂肪酸中,试验组在感染后11 h与感染前24 h相比,短链脂肪酸、中链脂肪酸和饱和脂肪酸的绝对含量均显著降低(P0.05);对照组有相同变化趋势,但除短链脂肪酸外均未达到显著水平(P0.05)。感染后23 h试验组6大类脂肪酸的绝对含量均低于对照组。结果提示:金黄色葡萄球菌诱导型乳腺炎影响了奶牛脂肪酸的合成过程,降低了脂肪酸各组分的绝对含量。