生鲜乳金黄色葡萄球菌污染来源调查及其耐药性

为考察贵阳市生鲜乳中金黄色葡萄球菌污染环节及其对药物的敏感性,采集贵阳市周边5个大型奶牛场及一个牛奶加工厂的乳区棉签拭子75份和各生产环节奶样310份,按国家标准(GB 4789.10—2010)分离鉴定金黄色葡萄球菌,并测定其对9种常用抗菌药物的敏感性。结果表明:生鲜乳中金黄色葡萄球菌污染主要来源于牛乳头内;传统的"弃前三把奶"工艺对降低生鲜乳中金黄色葡萄球菌污染的作用不明显;规范的乳区消毒可以有效地降低乳头外环境金黄色葡萄球菌对生鲜乳安全的影响;所调查奶牛场的金黄色葡萄球菌对磺胺类、β-内酰胺类和四环素类药物的耐药水平较高。     

乳制品中金黄色葡萄球菌PCR快速检测方法的建立

为快速检测乳制品中的金黄色葡萄球菌,本研究将纳米氢氧化钛和纳米氢氧化锆固定在滤纸片上以去除PCR反应抑制因子,并以Nuc为靶基因,建立一种无需样品前增菌的PCR快速检测方法,同时确定该方法的特异性、灵敏度和实用性,并评估该方法所用试剂在冷冻保存条件下的稳定性与实用性。结果表明,该PCR快速检测方法在检测97株目标菌及83株非目标菌后未出现假阳性或假阴性结果;该方法无需增菌处理,可在4 h内完成检测,检测限为10¹ CFU·25 g^-1或10¹ CFU·25 mL^-1;该方法与传统检测方法在实际乳制品样品中金黄色葡萄球菌的检出率及活菌检测率均一致(符合率100%);此外,该检测方法所用试剂在-20℃冷冻条件下可稳定保存至少12个月。综上所述,本研究建立的PCR快速检测方法特异性强、灵敏度高,且实用性良好,能有效去除样品基质中的PCR反应抑制因子,为乳制品中金黄色葡萄球菌的快速检测提供了参考依据。     

定点突变阻止金黄色葡萄球菌α-溶血素溶血活性

金黄色葡萄球菌分泌的α-溶血素是导致肺炎的重要致病因子。为进一步研究金黄色葡萄球菌α-溶血素(α-hla)的分子致病机理以及对其进行免疫预防,对α-hla第35位氨基酸进行了定点突变。用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)技术,从S.aureus wood46株基因组中扩增出α-hla基因,再利用重叠延伸PCR技术,将第35位带正电荷的组氨酸(密码子为CAC)突变为非极性的亮氨酸(密码子为CTC)。hlaH35L基因测序结果显示第35位的组氨酸突变为亮氨酸,构建的重组表达质粒pET-28a-c(+)/hla和pET-28a-c(+)/hlaH35L在E.coli BL21(DE3)中得到表达,重组蛋白α-Hla及hlaH35L大小均为33.4 kDa,α-Hla引起兔红细胞溶血,hlaH35L未引起兔红细胞溶血。成功表达并获得了失去溶血毒性的重组蛋白hlaH35L。     

成纤维上皮细胞炎症反应模型的建立

利用培养金黄色葡萄球菌培养基过滤液建立成纤维上皮细胞炎症反应模型，用于观察和研究炎症反应过程中细胞形态的变化。将培养金黄色葡萄球菌培养基除菌过滤冻干，用细胞培养基稀释，按照一定蛋白含量加到上皮细胞的培养基中，制作细胞炎症反应模型。结果显示，成纤维上皮细胞发生炎症反应，高浓度细菌滤过液的细胞形态发生变化，细胞边缘模糊不清，细胞出现空泡，随着培养时间的延长低浓度的大量大型细胞开始增加；在添加金黄色葡萄球菌培养基滤过液培养24h后利用^3H—TdR方法测定细胞增殖率，细胞增殖差异是显著的。结果表明，建立细胞炎症反应模型是可行的，并为以后炎症反应机理研究和抗炎性反应药物研究奠定了基础。     

Comparison of three commercial rapid agglutination test kits for identification of coagulase positive staphylococci from foods and animals.

Three rapid agglutination assays for the identification of Staphylococcus aureus Monostaph (Bionor A/S, Skien, Norway), Staphyslide-Test (BioMerieux, Lyon, France) and Staph-Rapid-Test (Roche, Basel, Switzerland), were compared. A total of 104 Gram-positive, catalase positive cocci were tested: Nineteen Staphylococcus reference strains comprising 15 spp. (4 strains were coagulase positive), and 7 Micrococcus reference strains comprising 4 spp.; 22 food isolates comprising 13 S. aureus, 8 coagulase positive Staphylococcus spp., and 1 Micrococcus sp.; 56 animal isolates comprising 11 S. aureus, 9 S. hyicus subsp. hyicus, 2 S. intermedius, 15 coagulase positive and 19 coagulase negative Staphylococcus spp. Totally 54 strains were coagulase positive. Considering agglutination of a coagulase positive strain as a correct identification, Monostaph, Staph-Rapid-Test, and Staphyslide-Test correctly identified 52 (96.3%), 47 (87.0%) and 48 (89.0%) of the coagulase positive staphylococci, respectively. Monostaph, Staph-Rapid-Test and Staphyslide-Test showed 1 (2.0%), 4 (8.0%) and 4 (8.0%) false positive reactions respectively. Monostaph, Staph-Rapid-Test and Staphyslide-Test gave 0 (0.0%), 6 (5.8%) and 7 (6.7%) non-interpretable reactions, respectively. Monostaph may be a good alternative to the tube-coagulase test for rapid and reliable identification of coagulase positive staphylococci from both food and veterinary sources. However, false negative reactions may occur with coagulase positive strains of S. hyicus subsp. hyicus and S. intermedius.     

The detection of subclinical mastitis in the bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) by somatic cell count and California mastitis test

Milk samples (n=160) from 7 clinically healthy bactrian camels were cultured to detect subclinical udder infection. The samples were assessed by the Californian mastitis test (CMT) and somatic cell count (SCC). Bacteria were recovered from 36 (22.5%) of the milk samples. Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) were the main organisms found.Infected quarters had significantly higher mean values for the SCC (p<0.01) and CMT (p<0.001) than non-infected quarters. All 7 camels were infected with CNS but only 4 with S. aureus. CMT values for S. aureus-infected camels were significantly higher than for those only infected with CNS. The values for SCC and CMT were significantly influenced by the stage of lactation (p<0.05). No significant difference was found from the effect of the quarters. Both SCC and CMT were of value in predicting the infection status of the udder.Abbreviations CMT California mastitis test - SCC somatic cell count - CNS coagulase-negative staphylococci     

Field trial of a staphylococcal mastitis vaccine in dairy herds: clinical, subclinical and microbiological assessments

Objective To assess the efficacy of a new staphylococcal mastitis vaccine under commercial dairying conditions.
Design A field trial involving 1819 cows and heifers conducted on seven dairy herds in Victoria. The trial was done 'blind'; approximately half the animals were vaccinated and the remainder were untreated controls.
Procedure The vaccine was given twice during the last 10 weeks of pregnancy. Effects of vaccination were assessed, during the ensuing lactation, on the basis of clinical and sub-clinical mastitis and microbiological investigations of the milk.
Results A total of 273 cases of clinical mastitis were recorded. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 112 of these, 45 cases in vaccinates and 67 cases in controls; the difference was not statistically significant. One herd was notable in having a high incidence of clinical staphylococcal mastitis. This herd accounted for 15.8% of the animals in the field trial but 54.5% of cases of clinical staphylococcal mastitis. For this herd, vaccinated animals had significantly lower incidence of clinical staphylococcal mastitis and prevalence of subclinical mastitis, relative to controls. An unexpected feature of the trial as a whole was the low incidence of clinical mastitis from which S aureus was isolated in pure culture (26.3% of cases) and the high incidence of clinical Streptococcus uberis mastitis (22.7% of cases).
Conclusions The trial showed that the vaccine was efficacious in reducing the incidence of clinical mastitis and prevalence of subclinical mastitis in a herd that had a serious staphylococcal mastitis problem.     

奶牛乳腺炎金黄色葡萄球菌临床分离株生化特性与菌体蛋白免疫原性分析

摘要：病原学调查发现金黄色葡萄球菌是奶牛乳腺炎的最主要致病菌之一。从53株金黄色葡萄球菌乳样分离株中挑选了培养和形态典型的六株进行生化试验和传代稳定性试验，进一步研究这六株菌的凝固酶、溶血素等致病性因子和耐药性。对菌体裂解产物进行蛋白电泳图谱分析发现菌体蛋白条带具有很高的相似性,TQ-1株电泳蛋白条带密度较其它几株高。用其中四株生化典型、传代稳定、致病因子较多的菌株免疫兔，制备高免血清，分析全菌抗原的蛋白转印图谱，发现XG-2株在52KD处有特殊保护性抗原条带。综合本文各试验结果，确定以TQ-1和XG-2株为疫苗候选株。     

两种病原菌联合诱导大鼠实验性乳腺炎研究

为深入研究奶牛乳腺炎提供一个更方便、经济的实验平台,试验建立了由金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌联合诱导的大鼠乳腺炎模型。分别用低浓度(金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌浓度均为1×105mL-1,L组)和高浓度(金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌浓度均为1×1012mL-1,H组)细菌混合液,经乳头管灌注到大鼠第4对乳腺内,诱导大鼠的乳腺炎试验。结果表明,低浓度组(L组)乳腺的病变主要以腺泡上皮发生轻度脂肪变性,腺泡腔的分泌物中有透明滴状物为主要特征,高浓度组(H组)的乳腺腺泡结构破坏严重,腺泡中有较多的嗜中性粒白细胞浸润。L组乳腺组织IL-6水平较对照组有所升高,H组则有显著(P<0.05)下降,试验组血清IL-6水平均极显著(P<0.01)低于对照组;L组和H组乳腺组织TNF-α水平分别显著(P<0.05)和极显著(P<0.01)高于对照组,血清TNF-α水平均极显著(P<0.01)低于对照组。试验组乳腺NAGase活性均显著(P<0.05)和极显著(P<0.01)高于对照组;试验组血清NAGase活性均低于对照组,其中H组极显著(P<0.01)下降。由上述结果可知,高低浓度的金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌联合诱导的大鼠乳腺炎模型均已成功建立。     

金黄色葡萄球菌分离株的菌膜测定及其影响因素

采用96孔细胞培养板法,对10株不同来源的金黄色葡萄球菌分离株的菌膜形成能力进行调查,并研究外部环境因素对金黄色葡萄球菌菌膜形成的影响。首先以金黄色葡萄球菌标准菌株ATCC6538为模式菌株,确定了亲水性细胞培养板、培养48 h为适宜的菌膜体外培养条件。在此条件下测定了10株分离株的菌膜形成量,并研究了不同培养温度（25~46℃）和不同营养条件（葡萄糖和氯化钠）对菌膜形成的影响。结果显示,体外培养条件下,金黄色葡萄球菌普遍可以形成菌膜,10株菌中仅1株为菌膜阴性,不同菌株菌膜形成能力差异较大;较高的培养温度有利于菌膜的形成,有3株菌在46℃时菌膜形成量达到最大;0.5%葡萄糖和1%氯化钠的添加可显著改变各菌株的菌膜形成,葡萄糖倾向于促进临床分离株菌膜形成量的增加,而氯化钠倾向于促进食品分离株菌膜形成量的增加。这一结果,可以为实际环境中菌膜的预防及控制提供指导和方向,同时也说明金黄色葡萄球菌的菌膜形成存在着不同的调控模式。