金黄色葡萄球菌基因组DNA提取方法的比较

为寻求一种较为实用的金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus aureus）基因组DNA提取方法,对酶解法、十二烷基硫酸钠（Sodium dodecyl sulfate,SDS）法、FDA法、热裂解法等常见的4种不同提取方法进行了改良和比较.结果表明,4种方法中,SDS法提取的DNA质量最好,检测灵敏度高,当金黄色葡萄球菌的DNA稀释至2.95 pg或更少时,SDS法还能够通过PCR将其检测出来;并且该方法的稳定性好,经济性高,是金黄色葡萄球菌基因组DNA理想的提取方法.     

Molecular Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Mechanisms of Methicillin‐Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Bovine Milk

The aim of this study was to identify methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains gathered from 2002 to 2006 from milk samples in Aydin region in Turkey. Among 93 S. aureus strains isolated from bovine milk with mastitis, 16 were resistant to methicillin. Methicillin‐resistant S. aureus strains were studied further for their staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) types, pulsotypes, spa and MLST types, antimicrobial susceptibilities, mechanisms of resistance and presence of Panton–Valentine leucocidin (PVL) toxin gene. The MRSA strains were multi‐drug resistant. The susceptibility rates to antimicrobials tested were 0%, 0%, 0%, 0%, 6.25%, 16.25% and 56.25% for erythromycin, clindamycin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, tetracyclin, ciprofloxacin and vancomycin, respectively. All tetracycline and gentamicin resistant strains carried tet(M) and aac(6)‐aph(2) gene, respectively. Among macrolide‐resistant isolates, nine had erm(A), and seven had both erm(A) and erm(B) genes. The molecular characterization by pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis showed presence of three pulsotypes with their variants. The pulsotype B strains were type IV with SCCmec typing, and representative of pulsotype B was t190 by spa typing and ST8 by MLST typing. The strains with pulsotype A and C were SCCmec III, and representative of these pulsotypes was t030 by spa typing. The MLST type of pulsotype A was ST239 and pulsotype C was one allele variant of ST239. None of the isolates harboured the PVL gene. Presence of hospital‐related MRSA strains may indicate transmission of these strains between human and animals. In case of clonal spread beside the infected animals’ treatment of MRSA carrier, farm workers should also be considered. Hygienic measures and rational antibiotic use may avoid resistance selection, clonal dissemination of resistant strains and decrease losses because of mastitis in dairy herds.     

Biochemical profiles, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) for typing Staphylococcus aureus isolated from dairy products

The study concerns 130 Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from different raw-milk dairy products (122 isolates) and human samples (eight isolates). Four different typing techniques were applied: biochemical profiles (Biolog GP), restriction fragment length polymorphism of coagulase gene (coaRFLP), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA). Moreover multiplex-PCR was used to study the distribution of genes encoding staphylococcal enterotoxins. The results of this study reveal marked genomic and phenotypic variability among the tested S. aureus. The considered techniques were all found useful for strain typing, but, based on discriminatory power as the key parameter of the typing system, MLVA and Biolog GP were found to be the most powerful techniques. The methods showed little concordance in terms of discerning the clusters of related strains.     

放线菌株SJY56的分离鉴定及其抗菌活性的初步研究

从青海省三江源国家自然保护区土样中分离放线菌株230个,经平板对峙培养初筛和发酵过滤液抑菌试验,得到一个较好的菌株SJY56,其发酵液经5倍稀释对金黄色葡萄球菌有显著抑制活性,抑菌圈直径为21mm.经培养观察,生理生化测定,并结合16S rDNA序列分析,初步鉴定SJY56为链霉菌(Streptomyces atroolivaceus).     

Fournier's gangrene in a cat

Objective – To describe the clinical course of a cat diagnosed with Fournier's gangrene.
Case Summary – A 2-year-old castrated male cat was presented to an emergency hospital for evaluation of acute onset of lethargy, mucoid anal discharge, and fever. During hospitalization, with provision of supportive care, an area of necrotizing fasciitis around the prepuce and anus developed and surgical debridement was performed. Severe sepsis developed secondary to the necrotizing fasciitis and the cat was eventually euthanized.
New Information Provided – The purpose of this report is to document the first case of Fournier's gangrene in a cat that presented for mucoid anal discharge, lethargy, and mild ataxia, and to alert emergency clinicians to this disease process. Early detection of the disease with prompt, aggressive supportive care and surgical debridement is necessary for successful treatment.     

一例猪圆环病毒2型和大肠杆菌、溶血葡萄球菌混合感染的诊断

山东德州某猪场发生猪高热、呼吸系统疾病甚至死亡的疫情。采集病料提取病变组织总DNA或RNA进行猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒、猪圆环病毒2型、猪细小病毒、猪伪狂犬病病毒、猪瘟病毒的PCR或RT-PCR检测。PCR扩增出353 bp的猪圆环病毒2型特异性条带。同时进行细菌分离培养、生化鉴定等试验,诊断为猪圆环病毒2型和大肠杆菌、溶血葡萄球菌混合感染。     

白杨素对金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素SEA和SEB表达的影响

为研究白杨素对金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌活性以及该化合物对金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素SEA和SEB表达的影响,应用肉汤微量稀释法检测了白杨素对金黄色葡萄球菌的最小抑菌浓度,采用TNF-α释放试验、蛋白免疫试验以及荧光定量PCR等方法分别从蛋白表型、蛋白水平和基因水平3个层面上考察了白杨素对金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素SEA和SEB分泌的影响。结果表明:白杨素几乎无抗金黄色葡萄球菌活性,其MIC1 024μg/m L。低浓度白杨素(2~16μg/m L)即可抑制金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素SEA和SEB的分泌,且这一抑制作用呈现剂量依赖性。     

三株芽孢杆菌抑菌活性分析及对肉鸡舍空气微生物的影响

【目的】分析2株解淀粉芽孢杆菌（Bacillus amyloliquefaciens）和1株苏云金芽孢杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis）的基本特性以及对大肠埃希氏菌（Escherichia.coli,CVCC1570）的抑制活性;分析3株芽孢杆菌复合制剂对肉鸡舍空气大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制作用,为改善畜舍环境提供基础数据。【方法】对3株芽孢杆菌进行形态学观察、镜检和生长曲线测定,以大肠埃希氏菌（CVCC1570）为指示菌株,采用琼脂扩散法对单一菌株的抑菌特性进行测定,筛选出适宜的抑菌浓度;利用三因子三水平的正交试验设计,筛选出最佳抑菌效果的复合芽孢杆菌组合;鸡舍喷洒试验采用单因子设计,分为3个处理组,每个处理设3个重复,分别为空白对照组,化学消毒剂阳性对照组（苯扎氯铵）,喷洒复合芽孢杆菌菌剂处理组。在肉鸡不同日龄检测鸡舍内大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的变化规律。【结果】3株芽孢杆菌为革兰氏阳性需氧菌。芽孢杆菌SKN01和芽孢杆菌SKN02生长曲线相近,在培养2h开始进入对数生长期。芽孢杆菌SKN03生长较缓慢,进入对数生长期的时间相对较长。单一菌株对大肠埃希氏菌有效抑菌浓度均为108CFU•mL-1。经正交试验测定,3株芽孢杆菌复合菌液最佳抑菌组合为4×108 CFU•mL-1、4×108 CFU•mL-1、6×108 CFU•mL-1。最佳组合复合芽孢杆菌喷洒鸡舍,能够有效抑制大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的生长,在肉鸡生长后期复合制剂的抑菌效果明显。【结论】3株芽孢杆菌能够有效抑制大肠埃希氏菌,同时复合菌液能够有效减少鸡舍有害微生物的数量,起到改善鸡舍环境的作用。     

猪肉源金黄色葡萄球菌毒力基因检测与耐药性分析

【目的】了解陕西关中地区猪肉中金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)的污染状况、耐药性及其毒素基因的分布。【方法】采集陕西关中6个地区的猪肉165份,按国标GB/T 4789.10-2010的方法,对其中的金黄色葡萄球菌进行分离,采用PCR方法对该菌进行确证并对其相关基因(如nuc、mecA、PVL、SEs和ETs)进行检测,最后采用琼脂稀释法检测金黄色葡萄球菌对11种抗菌药物的耐药性。另外,在BP平板中分别添加头孢西丁(4μg/mL)和苯唑西林(4μg/mL),分离耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)。【结果】165份样品的金黄色葡萄球菌污染率为33.33%(55/165);从中分离出103株金黄色葡萄球菌,但未检测出MRSA,这些菌对甲氧苄啶的耐药性最强,耐药率为100%;其次对红霉素和四环素的耐药率较高,分别为57.28%和34.95%;对苯唑西林、庆大霉素、氯霉素、环丙沙星的耐药率分别为2.91%,10.68%,2.91%和3.88%;所有菌株对头孢西丁、头孢哌酮、万古霉素、阿米卡星均敏感,同时得到21种耐药谱,多重耐药率达20.39%。猪肉金黄色葡萄球菌中杀白细胞素基因(Panton-valentine leu-kocidin,PVL)的检出率为34.95%,肠毒素基因(SEs)中sej的检出率最高,为98.06%,然后依次为sea(50.49%)、see(34.95%)、sed(31.07%)、sec(13.59%)、seh(8.74%)、sei(8.74%)、seg(6.80%)和seb(1.94%);同时得到71种毒素基因型,以sea+sej(11.65%)最为流行,分布地区不尽相同,其次为PVL+sea+see+sej(9.71%),耐红霉素的金黄色葡萄球菌含的毒素基因类型比较复杂,sej基因检出率高达98.68%。在BP平板中分别添加头孢西丁和苯唑西林,均未检测出MRSA。【结论】猪肉存在金黄色葡萄球菌的污染,其污染菌株存在多重耐药性并携带较多毒素基因,提示应加强猪肉金黄色葡萄球菌的监测。在BP平板中分别添加头孢西丁(4μg/mL)和苯唑西林(4μg/mL)筛选MRSA的方法不一定可靠,其可信度有待证明。