吉林省春旱风险评估及区划

利用吉林省各站1951-2005年实测气象资料,通过计算变异系数、正态分布风险概率、风险指数对吉林省春旱的风险性进行了讨论和评估。结果表明,吉林省中西部大部分地区遭受春旱的风险性较大,出现偏旱的概率一般在60%以上,发生重旱的概率在20%-60%;综合风险区划结果显示西部白城市大部为春旱高风险区,西部松原市和中部大部为春旱较高风险区,因此,在农业生产中,中西部地区应充分考虑春旱风险,以减轻损失。     

不同基因型春小麦根系对低磷胁迫的生物学响应

选用3个春小麦品种(加春1号、2号、4号)作为试验材料,研究了低磷胁迫下不同基因型春小麦根系的形态学与生理学特征,结果表明:(1)在缺磷环境中,小麦的根重、根数、总根长、总吸收面积、根活力、根系SOD及POD活性、根系活性吸收面积均明显降低,但根冠比与根系分枝密度明显增加。不同基因型间变化趋势相似,但变化幅度存在明显差异。(2)根系的形态与生理学特征存在着明显的基因型差异,而且在低磷水平下这种差异表现的更为突出。表明作物品种之间对磷胁迫反应存在差异。(3)根系形态学和生理学特征可以作为筛选高效吸磷小麦品种的参考指标。在供试的三个基因型中,加春1号对低磷环境的适应性最强。     

长肢秀体溞对富营养化水体藻类的生物操纵

在实验室和开放生态系统中研究了长肢秀体溞(D iaphanosoma leuchtenbergianumF ischer)对斜生栅藻(Scem edesmus obliquusTurp)、铜绿微囊藻(M icrocystis aeruginosa)和蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosaCh ick)的牧食力和对水体中浮游动物和藻类数量、生物量、群落结构及水体中理化性质的影响,结果表明:藻类生物量在一定范围内,长肢秀体溞的摄食速度随藻类生物量增加而增加,藻类生物量超过一定值(即饱和值)时,摄食速度随之下降。长肢秀体溞对斜生栅藻和小球藻具有较高的选择性,对铜绿微囊藻的选择性较差。水泥池中每升水放养长肢秀体溞600个以上,即可对水体中浮游动物和藻类的数量、生物量、群落结构产生显著的影响,同时降低水体中总氮、总磷和CODMn的浓度,增加水体透明。7月份之前,可以利用放养长肢秀体溞的方法来控制水体中藻类。     

北京地区春大棚小型西瓜基质栽培优质高效栽培技术

介绍了北京地区春大棚小型西瓜基质栽培优质高效栽培技术,包括品种选择、整枝方式、定植密度、种植模式、水肥管理、病虫害防治等方面.     

1991-2020年西藏春小麦生育期对气候变化的响应

为了解西藏春小麦物候期变化及其与气候变化的关系,利用1991-2020年西藏日喀则农业气象观测站观测的春小麦生育期和气象资料,采用线性回归、相关系数、Mann-Kendall等方法,分析了西藏春小麦生育期变化特征,并讨论了影响其变化的主导气象因子。结果表明,在1991-2020年期间,西藏春小麦生长季内降水量（Pr）、相对湿度（RH）和日照时数（S）表现为下降趋势,平均最低气温（T_min）升温率明显大于平均最高气温（T_max）升温率,平均气温（T_m）、≥0 ℃积温（∑T₀）和平均风速（Ws）均呈增加趋势。营养生长期、生殖生长期以及全生育期的热量资源（T_m、T_max、T_min、∑T₀）和Ws都表现为增加趋势,S与RH趋于减少;Pr在营养生长期增多,在生殖生长期减少,在全生育期略有增加。春小麦所有生育时期都表现为推迟趋势,平均每10年推迟2.33～13.36 d,以乳熟期推迟最明显;播种-出苗、拔节-孕穗2个生育阶段天数对气候变化响应不明显,开花-乳熟期天数以11.03 d·10 a^-1的速度显著延长,其他生育阶段天数均呈减少趋势;营养生长期、生殖生长期以及全生育期天数均呈减少趋势。除开花期外,其他生育时期都发生了推迟的气候突变,突变时间主要出现在21世纪前10年的中后期;只有三叶-分蘖、分蘖-拔节、开花-乳熟、乳熟-成熟4个生育阶段天数在21世纪初出现了气候突变。影响春小麦营养生长期、全生育期天数的主导因子是T_m,次要因子为∑T₀,而∑T₀却是影响生殖生长期天数的主导因子,T_m为次要因子。近30年西藏春小麦营养生长期、生殖生长期以及全生育期天数减少,主要是因为T_m显著升高造成的。     

放牧强度对草甸草原植物群落特征及营养品质的影响

【目的】 植物群落特征是草地生态系统功能变化的敏感指标,是判别干扰条件下植被退化的重要生态学指标之一。研究不同放牧强度下温性草甸草原植物特征及品质变化情况,以了解放牧作用下草原植物退化的过程和机制,为退化草地生态恢复提供理论依据。【方法】 以呼伦贝尔草甸草原肉牛控制放牧试验为平台,分析6种不同放牧强度（对照区G0.00:0,轻度放牧G0.23:0.2 cow.AU/hm²,较轻度放牧G0.34:0.34 cow.AU/hm²,中度放牧G0.46:0.46 cow.AU/hm²,较重度放牧G0.69:0.69 cow.AU/hm²,重度放牧G0.92:0.92 cow.AU/hm²）下温性草甸草原植物群落数量特征、多样性、功能群与营养品质的变化,并探讨他们之间的相关性。【结果】 放牧强度大于0.34 cow.AU/hm²时,群落盖度、群落高度、群落地上生物量、原有优势植物（羊草(Leymus chinensis))和贝加尔针茅(Stipa baicalensis)）生物量、地下生物量、枯落物生物量均呈现显著降低（P<0.05）,退化指示植物生物量（冷蒿、二裂委陵菜、星毛委陵菜和寸草苔）显著增加（P<0.05）;随着放牧强度的增加,群落α多样性指数呈现先升高后降低的趋势,放牧强度为0.34—0.46 cow.AU/hm²时,草地群落α多样性指数最高,符合中度干扰假说;植物功能群禾本科植物及其优势植物重要值随着放牧强度的增加逐渐降低,当放牧强度大于0.23 cow.AU/hm²时,优势植物重要值显著降低（P<0.05）,莎草科与退化指示植物重要值显著增加（P<0.05）。放牧不同程度增加了植物粗蛋白、粗灰分、总磷、钙和无氮浸出物含量,显著降低了植物粗脂肪、中性洗涤纤维和粗纤维含量（P<0.05）;群落α多样性指数相互之间呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,与植物功能群豆科植物和杂类草重要值呈显著正相关、与禾本科植物重要值呈负相关;植物功能群禾本科和毛茛科植物重要值与植物酸性洗涤纤维和钙呈显著负相关、与中性洗涤纤维呈显著正相关,莎草科植物重要值与之相反。【结论】 不同放牧强度下植物群落特征及营养品质发生不同程度的变化,放牧强度为0.23—0.34 cow.AU/hm²较为适宜,适度放牧有利于提高群落物种多样性,保持草地植物群落稳定,促进草地生态系统可持续发展。     

Community structure and carbon and nitrogen storage of sagebrush desert under grazing exclusion in Northwest China

Overgrazing is regarded as one of the key factors of vegetation and soil degradation in the arid and semi-arid regions of Northwest China.Grazing exclusion(GE)is one of the most common pathways used to restore degraded grasslands and to improve their ecosystem services.Nevertheless,there are still significant controversies concerning GE’s effects on grassland diversity as well as carbon(C)and nitrogen(N)storage.It remains poorly understood in the arid desert regions,whilst being essential for the sustainable use of grassland resources.To assess the effects of GE on community characteristics and C and N storage of desert plant community in the arid desert regions,we investigated the community structure and plant biomass,as well as C and N storage of plants and soil(0-100 cm depth)in short-term GE(three years)plots and adjacent long-term freely grazing(FG)plots in the areas of sagebrush desert in Northwest China,which are important both for spring-autumn seasonal pasture and for ecological conservation.Our findings indicated that GE was beneficial to the average height,coverage and aboveground biomass(including stems,leaves and inflorescences,and litter)of desert plant community,to the species richness and importance values of subshrubs and perennial herbs,and to the biomass C and N storage of aboveground parts(P<0.05).However,GE was not beneficial to the importance values of annual herbs,root/shoot ratio and total N concentration in the 0-5 and 5-10 cm soil layers(P<0.05).Additionally,the plant density,belowground biomass,and soil organic C concentration and C storage in the 0-100 cm soil layer could not be significantly changed by short-term GE(three years).The results suggest that,although GE was not beneficial for C sequestration in the sagebrush desert ecosystem,it is an effective strategy for improving productivity,diversity,and C and N storage of plants.As a result,GE can be used to rehabilitate degraded grasslands in the arid desert regions of Northwest China.     

Performance,milk fatty acid composition and behaviour of high-yielding Holstein dairy cows given a limited grazing period

The effects of a limited grazing period on the performance, behaviour and milk composition of high-yielding dairy cows were examined. A total of 56 Holstein cows yielding 44.7 ± 0.42 kg/day were allocated to one of four treatments in one of two, 4-week periods. Treatments were as follows: control (C)—cows housed and offered TMR ad libitum; early grazing (EG)—cows grazed for 6 hr after morning milking then housed; delayed grazing (DG)—cows returned to housing for 1 hr after morning milking followed by grazing for 6 hr, then housed; restricted TMR (RT)—cows grazed for 6 hr after morning milking, then housed and fed TMR at 75% of ad libitum. Intake of TMR was highest in cows receiving C, intermediate in EG and DG, and lowest in RT at 26.9, 23.6, 24.7 and 20.3 kg DM/day respectively. Pasture intake was similar in cows receiving EG or DG, but was higher in RT at 2.4, 2.0 and 3.5 kg DM/day respectively. Milk yield was similar between cows receiving C, EG or DG, but lowest in RT at 45.7, 44.2, 44.9 and 41.7 kg/cow, respectively, while milk fat content of C18:3 n-3 was increased by grazing. Cows in C spent more than 55 min/day longer lying and had three additional lying bouts/day, while lying bouts were shorter than for cows receiving EG, RT or DG. It is concluded that high-yielding cows can be grazed for 6 hr/day with little impact on performance, provided TMR is available ad libitum when housed.     

An investigation into the grazing efficiency of perennial ryegrass varieties

The objective of this study was to compare the grazing efficiency of 30 perennial ryegrass varieties, differing in ploidy and heading date. Plots were grazed by lactating dairy cows and managed under a rotational grazing system with 19 grazing events occurring over two years. Pre-grazing and post-grazing compressed sward heights were measured with a rising plate meter. A mixed model was used to predict the post-grazing sward height of each variety based on year, grazing event, block and pre-grazing sward height. Residual grazed height (RGH) was derived as the difference between the actual and predicted post-grazing sward height and was used as the measure of grazing efficiency. Negative RGH values indicated that the actual herbage removed was greater than that predicted and so indicated a superior grazing efficiency. Varieties differed in their level of grazing efficiency (p < .001), with RGH values ranging from −0.38 to +0.34 cm. Tetraploid varieties exhibited significantly greater grazing efficiency performance than diploids (p < .001), with average RGH values of −0.13 and +0.13 cm respectively. A significant difference in grazing efficiency was found among recommended perennial ryegrass varieties that are not being recorded by mechanically harvested simulated grazing protocols. A variety reappraisal that included grazing efficiency could identify varieties capable of improving on-farm livestock productivity from grass.     

Primary productivity in patches of heterogeneous swards after 12 years of low-intensity cattle grazing

In low-intensity grazing systems, patch grazing leads to a mosaic structure of short (frequently defoliated) and tall (rarely defoliated) patches, with the stocking rate determining the proportion of these patch types on the pasture. Little is known about the long-term effects of patch grazing on the productivity of contrasting sward height patches developed under varying stocking rates. On a 12-year low-intensity cattle pasture we investigated aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) and its seasonal variation in different patch types (‘short’, ‘medium’ and ‘tall’) under three stocking rates (‘moderate’, ‘lenient’ and ‘very lenient’) over two years. Additionally, we determined stocks of soil phosphorus, potassium and magnesium as well as soil pH. ANPP was affected by an interaction of patch type and stocking rate and ranged from less than 300 g/m² in short patches under very lenient stocking to more than 1,000 g/m² in medium patches under moderate stocking. In contrast with observations at the start of the experiment, ANPP in short patches was similar to or less than that in medium and tall patches. As topsoil phosphorus and potassium stocks were lowest in short patches, this indicates a long-term redistribution of nutrients by grazing animals, which limits short-patch productivity. Productivity of medium patches increased with stocking rate, and soil potassium concentration showed a similar trend, pointing towards enhanced nutrient cycling under more intensive stocking. We conclude that nutrient redistribution may lead to increasing trade-offs between ecological and agronomic aims in long-term low-intensity grazing systems.