Application timing and adjuvant type affected saflufenacil efficacy on selected broadleaf weeds

Saflufenacil is a new herbicide being developed for pre-plant burndown and pre-emergence broadleaf weed control in field crops, including maize, soybean, sorghum and wheat. Field experiments were conducted in 2007 and 2008 in northeast Nebraska, USA to describe dose-response curves of saflufenacil applied in mid (early post-emergence, EPOST) and late May (late post-emergence, LPOST) with several adjuvants for spring emerging broadleaf weed control. Dose-response curves based on log-logistic model were utilized to determine the ED₉₀ values (effective dose that provides 90% weed control efficacy) for Convolvulus arvensis, Lactuca serriola, Lamium amplexicaule, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Taraxacum officinale, Thlaspi arvense and Conyza canadensis. In general, weed control efficacy was influenced by application timing and type of adjuvant. EPOST application of saflufenacil resulted better efficacy of saflufenacil compared to LPOST. Addition of spray adjuvants improved efficacy of saflufenacil. For example, 90% control of T. arvense was obtained at EPOST application with 251, 161, 96 and 59 g a.i. ha⁻¹ for saflufenacil applied alone, or tank-mixed with NIS (nonionic surfactant), COC (crop oil concentrate), or MSO (methylated seed oil), respectively. In contrast, the ED₉₀ values with LPOST application were 333, 201, 127 and 79 g a.i. ha⁻¹ for saflufenacil applied alone, or with NIS, COC and MSO, respectively. MSO was the best adjuvant, which provided the most enhancement of saflufenacil. COC was the second best, or similar to MSO, on many weed species. NIS provided the least enhancement of saflufenacil. The ED₉₀ values determined for different broadleaf weed species are within the proposed label dose of saflufenacil.     

Genetic gains for grain yield in high latitude spring wheat grown in Western Siberia in 1900–2008

Short season high latitude (50°N–56°N) spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is grown on approximately 7 million ha in Western Siberia with average yield of 1.5–2.0 t/ha. A historical set of 47 varieties developed and grown in the region between 1900 and 2000 was evaluated at a trial in Siberian Research Institute of Agriculture (Omsk) in 2002–2008. The genetic gains for grain yield and associated changes in agronomic traits were analyzed for three maturity groups (early, medium and late) and four breeding periods (before 1930, 1950–1975, 1976–1985 and after 1985). The overall yield was 3.71 t/ha for modern varieties versus 2.18 t/ha for old varieties representing 0.7% increase per year in the course of 100 years. The genetic gains between the breeding periods indicated that the rate of progress for the early and medium maturity groups was more or less comparable from one breeding period to the other. For the late maturity group there was an obvious and sharp decline in genetic gain with time. Modern varieties were also characterized by average response to environmental mean and good grain yield stability evaluated according to Eberhart and Russell (1966). Thousand kernel weight and number of grains per unit area were linearly correlated with grain yield and genetic gain over time suggested their importance for breeding progress. Resistance to leaf rust in some modern varieties sustained and contributed to stability of genetic gains. The yield increase over time was not associated with plant height reduction and incorporation of Rht genes. The maturity range of the newer varieties is narrower compared to old germplasm as they tend to belong to medium maturity group. Translocation 1B.1R had limited contribution to Western Siberian germplasm being observed in only three varieties. The increase in adaptation, yield potential and its stability has been reached due to gradual accumulation of favorable genes through diverse crosses, robust selection and testing system. Resistance to leaf rust and other prevalent pathogens is of paramount importance for future progress.     

宁夏灌区春小麦干物质积累量和产量与气象因子的关系

利用2004至2005年春小麦分期播种试验,取得春小麦在不同气象条件下的发育期、干物质积累量、产量等资料,利用统计分析方法,分析了灌溉条件下平均温度、平均最高气温、平均最低温度、日较差、相对湿度、日照、大于0℃积温、降水等气象网子对宁夏灌区春小麦的干物质积累量及产量的影响,结果表明：在舂小麦的营养生长阶段,大于0℃积温与叶干重成显著负相关;在全生育期及生殖生长阶段,平均最高气温、平均最低温度与干物质积累量成负相关;日较差、日照、大于0℃积温和相对湿度与干物质积累成正相关;大于0℃积温与实际产量相关性显著,成正相关;平均温度和降水与干物质积累量和产量相关不显著。     

氮肥基追比对滴灌春小麦群体质量及产量的影响

选取春小麦品种‘新春6号’和‘新春37号’,采用裂区试验设计,设置0∶0、2∶8、3∶7、4∶6、5∶5共5个氮肥基追比处理,比较分析两个小麦品种的茎蘖数、茎蘖成穗率、叶面积指数、粒叶比、干物质积累与转运特性以及产量及产量构成因素的差异。结果表明,在氮肥不同基追比处理下,‘新春6号’和‘新春37号’的茎蘖数、茎蘖成穗率、叶面积指数、粒叶比均在3∶7处理下最优,且呈现3∶74∶65∶52∶80∶0趋势;两个品种茎鞘和叶片花前干物质转运量、花后干物质积累量显著高于0∶0处理,而对籽粒贡献率则表现相反。在3∶7处理下,‘新春6号’和‘新春37号’的产量分别为7 304.45和7 546.17 kg·hm~(-2)。最优氮肥基追比例为3∶7。     

草地贪夜蛾在中国西北地区的迁飞路径

【背景】草地贪夜蛾（Spodoptera frugiperda）是联合国粮食及农业组织（FAO）全球预警的重大迁飞性农业害虫,2018年底入侵中国后对玉米等农作物生产构成了严重威胁。远距离迁飞习性是草地贪夜蛾区域性转移危害的生物学基础,其在东亚季风和印度季风流行的气候环境下,可形成纵贯中国东部地区和西部地区的迁飞路线。据连续两年全国普查,草地贪夜蛾沿西线迁飞路线逐代北侵的终点位于我国西北地区的宁夏全境和内蒙古阿拉善左旗。但目前,入侵中国西北地区的草地贪夜蛾的虫源地尚未明确,该害虫在整个中国西部地区的迁飞路径研究也鲜有报道。【目的】阐释驱动草地贪夜蛾迁入中国西北地区的关键气象动力因子,明确该地区首次入侵种群的虫源地所在,精准解析亚洲季风气候背景下草地贪夜蛾的迁飞路径,为建设监测预警体系和指导区域性治理提供依据。【方法】利用2019—2020年草地贪夜蛾在西北地区宁夏的成虫种群动态监测数据和气象资料,采用中尺度气象数值模拟、昆虫迁飞轨迹模型、地理信息系统等技术手段,分析草地贪夜蛾远距离迁飞的大气动力背景场,模拟计算草地贪夜蛾在中国西北地区连续1—3个夜晚的迁飞路径和回推轨迹落点。【结果】7—9月份出现的偏南夏季风是影响宁夏等西北地区草地贪夜蛾不断迁入的关键气象因子,其虫源主要来自于甘肃东南部、四川东部,其次为陕西西部,此外,重庆西南部、云南东北部和山西西部局部也可为西北地区提供一定的虫源。【结论】在偏南夏季风的主导作用下,草地贪夜蛾经由多个夜晚的连续迁飞可构成其在中国西部地区的主要迁飞路径。该路径源自缅甸,自南向北依次经由中国“云南-四川和重庆-陕西和甘肃-宁夏”,最北可达内蒙古。在7—9月份偏南风盛行期提前和风速偏强的气候条件下要加强西北部玉米种植区草地贪夜蛾的监测预警与防治工作。     

干旱胁迫对春大豆叶绿素含量和根系活力的影响

以抗旱性不同的3个春大豆品种为材料,对各生育时期不同干旱胁迫条件下叶片叶绿素含量、根系活力和根系相对含水率的变化进行了研究.结果表明:随干旱胁迫程度的增加,叶绿素含量、根系相对含水率显著降低;根系活力苗期＞开花期＞结荚期＞鼓粒期,根系相对含水率鼓粒期＞结荚期＞开花期＞苗期.在干旱胁迫条件下,叶绿素含量在苗期、根系活力在...     

春玉米叶片SPAD值与氮含量及产量的相关性研究

通过田间小区试验,研究不同时期玉米叶片SPAD值与叶绿素、氮含量及产量的相关性,确定SPAD值测定的最佳叶位及时期。结果表明,上位叶SPAD值对氮素的敏感时期顺序为12叶期>10叶期>8叶期;穗位叶SPAD值对氮素的敏感时期顺序为抽雄期>灌浆期>蜡熟期。叶片SPAD值可以很好的反映植株叶绿素和氮含量及产量水平,以某一特定叶片的SPAD值来诊断春玉米氮素营养状况和推荐追肥时期时,10叶期是较为理想的测定时期;作为早期预测玉米产量的指标,12叶期为最佳时期。测定SPAD值方法简便、快捷,不破坏叶片生长,可作为早期预测玉米产量的指标。     

种植行距对春玉米干物质积累与分配的影响

以先玉335为试验材料,研究不同行距种植(70、65、60、50 cm)下玉米干物质积累与分配的动态变化规律。结果表明,不同行距处理下,干物质积累总量及各器官干物质向子粒转移量、转移率及对子粒的贡献率不同,其中,70 cm行距处理下干物质积累总量和子粒转移效率都高于其他处理,在玉米种植方式上,采取70 cm的种植行距较为合理。     

抗旱节水春小麦品种鉴选指标比较研究

为给抗旱节水春小麦新品种的选育提供参考依据,在节水灌溉和常规充分灌溉条件下,对20个北方春麦区主栽品种的形态及生理指标、产量形成、水分利用效率（WUE）进行了系统测定和分析,并比较了相关抗旱节水性能评价指标。结果表明,节水灌溉条件下,多数品种的产量和WUE都表现一般,通过系统聚类筛选出5个经济产量和WUE都表现较好的小麦品种。以抗旱指数评价,宁春41号、龙麦32号和农鉴7号抗旱性优于对照永良4号,而巴优2号和农鉴1号表现不及永良4号;以产量-水分高效利用指数评价,5个品种的节水性能均优于永良4号。产量-水分高效利用指数与经济产量、WUE均呈显著正相关,而抗旱指数及其修订式与产量、WUE的相关不显著,产量-水分高效利用指数结合抗旱指数是筛选抗旱节水春小麦品种的有效方法。抗旱、节水、高产春小麦品种的共同特征是株高较高、上部节间长且株高构成指数较大;叶型中等,叶片高光效;根系发达,分布合理;贮藏物质高转运等。宁春41号是兼具抗旱、节水、高产潜力的春小麦品种,适宜在内蒙古河套灌区引进推广。     

复合盐胁迫对小麦萌发的影响及耐盐阈值的筛选

为了解Na2SO4和NaCl组成的复合盐对小麦萌发期的胁迫效应,选择5个耐盐性不同的春小麦品种进行复合盐胁迫处理,研究在不同浓度复合盐胁迫下,春小麦品种在发芽势、发芽率、苗高、根数、主根长和苗鲜重等指标上的差异,并采用多重比较和回归分析筛选最适复合盐萌发期处理浓度。结果表明,随着复合盐各盐分浓度升高,小麦萌发期各指标的相对耐盐系数急剧下降,且发芽势、发芽率、苗高、主根长和苗鲜重在不同浓度处理间差异极显著;但复合盐对小麦根数的影响较小,在低盐浓度下差异不显著。在Na2SO4浓度为0.05mol.L-1、NaCl浓度为0.1mol.L-1时,5个品种的发芽率、苗鲜重、苗高的相对耐盐系数在50%左右,发芽势和主根长趋近于30%,同时种子保持较高的活力,可以作为小麦萌发期耐盐鉴定的适宜复合盐胁迫浓度。