Characterization of glyphosate-resistant goosegrass(Eleusine indica) populations in China

Goosegrass is a worst grass weed in orchards and turf.The increased use of glyphosate for goosegrass control has led to the occurrence of many resistant populations.Although glyphosate has been used to control weeds for the past 30 years in China,few reports are available on glyphosate-resistant(GR) googegrass.In this study,we determined the GR level of 14 goosegrass populations from Chengdu and Guangzhou,China.Glyphosate only controlled 3.1 and 25.0%of the populations SL5 and SL1,respectively,at the dose of 1 680 g acid equivalent(ae) ha~(-1) at 14 days after treatment(DAT).In contrast,the susceptible population(XD1) was completely(100%) controlled.The resistant index(Rl) of SL5 and SL1 were 5.1 and 4.5,and the Rl for SL2,SL3 and ZC1 were 4.2,3.2 and 2.6,respectively.The Rl for other populations was range from 1.8 to 2.5.Under the dose of glyphosate at 1 640 g ae ha~(-1) at 10 DAT,shikimate accumulation in susceptible population XD1 was 17.6 and 16.4 times higher than SL5 and SL1,respectively.And the chlorophyll content in the plant leaf of populations SL1,SL2 and SL5 were decreased slightly ranging from 22.6 to 28.0.These results confirmed that the SL1,SL2,SL3,ZC1 and SL5 populations had evolved moderate resistance to glyphosate.This is the first report for the GR goosegrass populations confirmed in Chengdu,China.     

坪床基质对兰引Ⅲ号结缕草根系生长及分布的影响

坪床结构对草坪草根系和草坪使用质量的影响很大。为探讨5种坪床基质对兰引Ⅲ号结缕草（Zoysia japonica ‘LanyinNo. III’）根系生长的影响,试验设计5种坪床基质：100% 纯砂（A）,砂：泥炭（85%：15%）（B）,砂：土（85%：15%）（C）,砂：土：泥炭（85%：7.5%：7.5%）（D）,100% 纯土（E）。结果表明：根长密度、根表面积密度随坪床深度的加深而减小,纯土坪床的上述根系指标显著小于砂基坪床;一级根在0～5 cm的根层中分布最多l而二级根在5～10 cm根层分布最多;3种砂质混合基质中,砂+泥炭混合基质好于砂+土和砂+土+泥炭2种混合基质。在土壤各层深度中,砂基坪床的根平均直径显著大于纯土坪床。纯砂坪床的地下生物量最大,而纯土坪床0～5 cm根层内根系生物量所占比例最大。综合分析认为,砂基坪床适合做运动场草坪,其中以砂与泥炭混合基质最好,纯土坪床则排水不良,不适宜做运动场草坪。     

北方常用草坪草的蒸散量差异及耗水性评价

对不同供水条件下,草地早熟禾、高羊茅、多年生黑麦草、野牛草、结缕草和狗牙根整个生长季的蒸散量差异进行研究.结果表明,草坪蒸散主要与草坪本身的生物学特性有关,同时与水分条件也密切相关.另外,根据测定结果估测了理论补水量,并通过计算坪草系数Kc,与北方常用作物的耗水量进行了比较.     

生态草坪与草坪生态工程--我国草坪持续发展的必由之路

就所历、所见、所闻,讨论了普及建植草坪15年来的成败和改进途径。探讨了生态草坪的定义和可能性,以及我国草坪生态工程应特别关注的7个题目。     

西藏林芝地区草坪建植实践

通过对西藏林芝地区草坪建植实践,表明该地区适合种植冷地型草坪草,而暖地型草坪草则不宜种植,同时林芝地区草坪建植实践,介绍当地草坪建植与管理技术。     

Evaluating the Benefits of Equine Massage Therapy: A Review of the Evidence and Current Practices

Following the lead of human athletic training, equine massage therapy is becoming a more common part of the management of equine athletes and pleasure horses alike. The basic science rationale for massage is supported by research indicating that massage may affect a number of physiologic systems as well as cellular and fascial components of the muscular system. Equine therapeutic massage, or sports massage, employs a number of techniques first developed in humans and has been reported to increase range of motion and stride length, reduce activity of nociceptive pain receptors, and reduce physiologic stress responses. Additional preliminary research indicates that massage therapy also may improve some aspects of exercise recovery. Although important evidence has begun to document the potential benefits of massage therapy for equine athletes, the current review may say less about the true clinical effects of massage therapy than it does about the current state of research in this field. Additional prospective study of massage therapy using sufficient scientific rigor will be necessary to provide veterinarians, trainers, and owners with definitive data and scientifically based confidence in the use of equine massage. In the meantime, the preliminary research, anecdotal positive effects, and case studies indicating potential benefit are not to be ignored; equine massage therapy already plays a valuable practical role in the care and training of many equine athletes.     

河南省农村中学校园体育文化调查研究

运用体育文化学、体育管理学、体育社会学等相关理论,通过对河南省农村中学校园体育文化建设精神、制度、物质三个层面现状的调查研究,找出目前河南省农村中学校园体育文化建设中存在的问题及产生根源,寻求解决办法,以期促进河南省农村中学校园体育文化的发展,为其他地区农村中学的校园体育文化建设提供有益的借鉴。     

污泥对草坪草逆境生理的影响

日益增长的污水处理副产物——污泥的处置问题越来越引起人们的关注,将污泥应用于草坪草的种植被认为是污泥资源化利用的可行途径之一。本文综述了污泥对草坪草逆境生理影响的研究进展,众多研究表明,适宜用量的污泥对草坪草叶绿素及光合效应、矿质营养、渗透调节物质和抗氧化酶系统均有有益影响,能提高其应对逆境的适应能力;过量施用污泥则会影响草坪草的生长,不同的草种对污泥施用量的要求不同。污泥能提高草坪草抗逆性的原因可能是由于污泥富含多种营养元素和生物活性物质,但其提高草坪草抗逆性的内在机制还有待进一步研究。     

防治早熟禾腐霉枯萎病的种衣剂配方与药效试验

针对草坪草苗期腐霉枯萎病菌(Pythium spp.)可由土壤和种子携带的特点,以恶霉灵、甲霜灵杀菌剂和植物生长调节剂等为原料研究草坪种衣剂,并在黑龙江省进行了药效试验。研究结果表明,筛选出的药物型和药肥复合型草坪专用种衣剂对草坪草安全无害,不仅对草坪草苗期腐霉枯萎病防效在80%～97%,而且能促进草坪草生长,与对照相比,2号和5号种衣剂处理的植株增高了1.63～2.73 cm,根长增加1.5～2.5 cm,根质量增加了1.54～1.81 g,分蘖数增加了1.33～2.00个。     

Effects of White Clover Inclusion on Turf Characteristics,Nitrogen Fixation,and Nitrogen Transfer from White Clover to Grass Species in Turf Mixtures

Abstract

An irrigated field trial was conducted to test the effects of white clover in three turfgrass species (perennial ryegrass, Kentucky bluegrass, and creeping bentgrass) on color, clipping yield, and botanical composition and to estimate nitrogen (N)₂ fixation and N transfer from white clover to associated turfgrass species under different N‐fertilization conditions in 1999–2002.

Nitrogen fertilizers significantly increased color ratings in all observations. Grass–white clover mixtures had better color ratings than pure grass at all sampling dates and seasonal averages in unfertilized conditions. Fertilized pure grass plots yielded significantly more than control plots in all turfgrass species. Nitrogen fertilization did not affect clipping yield greatly in turfgrass–white clover mixtures. Nitrogen application significantly decreased white clover percentage in the harvested clippings in second and third year.

Nitrogen fertilization increased tissue N concentration positively in all turfgrass species grown alone. In contrast, N fertilization did not greatly affect tissue N concentration of either turfgrass species or white clover in the mixtures. Nitrogen fixation of white clover was estimated as 24.6, 30.7, and 33.8 g m^?2 year^?1 in perennial ryegrass, Kentucky bluegrass, and creeping bentgrass, respectively. The total estimated N₂ fixation gradually decreased with increasing N fertilization. Nitrogen transfer from white clover to the associated turfgrass varied from 4.2 to 13.7% of the total N that the white clover fixed annually.