新疆褐牛应激综合症的防控

新疆褐牛是新疆养牛业的主导品种。随着社会经济的发展和养牛新技术的推广,在新疆褐牛养殖过程中,新疆褐牛的推广力度和养殖水平也逐步提高,新疆褐牛架子牛、育肥牛、种公牛及生产母牛异地调运频繁;同时为提高养殖效益,新疆褐牛断奶犊牛月龄逐步提前到4月龄;在养殖生产过程中,常常发生运输应激综合症和早期断奶应激症。本文通过探讨新疆褐牛运输综合症发生病因、症状和早期断奶犊牛应激表现,提出防控应对措施,以期为广大新疆褐牛养殖户在牛只调运和早期断奶技术上提供参考。     

新疆桃的绿枝扦插试验

本文研究了新疆桃的绿枝扦插方法,用IBA及NAA处理扦条后。在一定温度、湿度、光照的条件下进行试验,生根良好。     

玉米抗南方型锈病基因共分离分子标记的研究

本文以玉米(Zea mays L.)抗南方型锈病自交系P₂₅和感病自交系F₃₄₉的F₁与F₃₄₉回交,并连续回交所得BC₅代的F₃₄₉抗病近等基因系（nearly isogenic lines,NILs）为材料,以RGA（resistance gene analogs）的方法,在抗病自交系中克隆出一条321 bp的特异性DNA条带。根据序列比对的结果,设计出新的引物作为分子标记,在96株BC₇、BC₄F₅NILs及其亲本和杂种F₁群体上进行鉴定,其中94株的田间抗感结果与分子检测结果一致,选择的有效率达97.9%。此标记扩增效果清晰,可重复性强,在抗玉米南方型锈病的分子标记辅助育种研究中有应用价值。     

新疆西昆仑地区泥石流灾害分析与评价

[目的]评价研究区泥石流的危险性,找出适合新疆西昆仑地区泥石流灾害研究的技术和方法。[方法]以新疆西昆仑山脉西段马尔洋地区为研究对象,在充分收集、研究前人资料和有效利用其他信息源的基础上,通过对研究区ETM+影像数据的研究,对研究区泥石流灾害点进行了判读。结合DEM数据,对该区地形地貌进行了研究。[结果]选取了合适的泥石流灾害危险性评价指标体系。一般危险区、中度危险区、高度危险区、极度危险区,面积分别为:31.69,40.70,38.31,25.83km2,所占比例分别为:23.21%,29.81%,28.06%,19.92%。[结论]研究区泥石流灾害极度危险区和高度危险区占总面积的47.98%,主要分布在研究区的中部和西北部区域,为泥石流灾害高度危险性易发区。     

新疆绿洲旅游环境预警系统浅析

旅游环境预警是防止旅游环境系统向无序化方向发展和进行旅游环境系统优化调控的重要途径之一,本文在新疆旅游环境日益恶化背景下,针对新疆绿洲所处地理环境的特殊性、生态环境的脆弱性,把生态安全理论和生态预警的方法应用到旅游环境预警系统中,建立了新疆绿洲旅游环境预警系统,对其运行机制进行分析,并对建立和完善新疆绿洲旅游环境预警系统的配套措施提供科学合理的对策建议,旨在为新疆绿洲旅游环境预警研究提供理论和研究方法参考。     

秸秆还田对宁南旱作农田土壤活性有机碳及酶活性的影响

在宁南旱区通过研究秸秆还刚对土壤活性有机碳及酶活性的影响,旨在为该区作物生产及土壤培肥制度的建立提供参考.在为期3 a秸秆还出定位试验中,设置了不同秸秆还田量处理,谷子秸秆按3000 kg·hm-2(低L)、6000kg·hm-2(中M)、9000 kg·hm-2(高H)粉碎还田;玉米秸秆按4500 kg·hm-2(低L)、9000 kg·hm-2(中M)、13 500kg·hm-2(高H)粉碎还田,对照为秸秆不还田,对不同处理条件下的土壤有机碳、土壤酶活性及其相关性进行了分析.结果表明,土壤总有机碳、活性有机碳含量和土壤酶活性均随土层的加深而减少;各处理0～60cm土层土壤有机碳含量和酶活性大小为中、高量秸秆还田>低量秸秆还田>秸秆不还田;秸秆还田不仅增加了土壤活性有机碳含量,同时提高了活性有机碳占总有机碳含量的比重.相关性分析表明,运用土壤活性有机碳和碳库管理指数表征土壤酶活性及土壤肥力变化,比土壤有机碳更具灵敏性.在宁南半旱区采用秸秆还田能有效提高土壤活性有机碳含量和土壤酶活性.     

From small-scale habitat loopholes to decadal cycles: a habitat-based hypothesis explaining fluctuation in pelagic fish populations off Peru

The Peru‐Humboldt Current system (HCS) supports the world's largest pelagic fisheries. Among the world's eastern boundary current systems, it is the most exposed to high climatic stress and is directly affected by El Niño and La Niña events. In this volatile ecosystem, fish have been led to develop adaptive strategies in space and time. In this paper, we attempt to understand the mechanisms underlying such strategies, focusing on the El Niño 1997–98 in Peru from which an extensive set of hydrographic, capture and acoustic survey data are available. An integrated analysis of the data is crucial, as each has substantial shortcomings individually; for example, both catch data and acoustic surveys may easily lead to wrong conclusions. Existing hypotheses on anchovy and sardine alternations lead us to a ‘habitat‐based’ synthetic hypothesis. Using our data, an integrated approach evaluated how fish responded to habitat variation, and determined the consequences in terms of fish‐population variability. Various factors occurring at a range of different spatio‐temporal scales were considered: interdecadal regime (warm ‘El Viejo’/cool ‘La Vieja’ decadal scale); strength and the duration of the El Niño Southern Oscillation event (interannual scale); population condition before the event (interannual scale); fishing pressure and other predation (annual scale); changes in reproductive behaviour (intra‐annual scale); presence of local upwelling (local scale). During El Niño 1997–98, anchovy was able to exploit a small‐scale temporal and spatial ‘loophole’ inside the general unfavourable conditions. Moreover, sardine did not do better than anchovy during this El Niño and was not able to take advantage of the ‘loophole’ opened by this short‐term event. Our results question the traditional view that El Niño is bad for anchovy and good for sardine.     

Impact of fixation/drying conditions on fixation rate, teachability and bioefficacy in CCA-C treated red pine and southern pine

Red pine (Pinus resinosia Ait) and southern pine (Pinus spp.) sapwood blocks were pressure treated with CCA-C at retention of 6.4, 2.0, 1.5 kgm^-3 followed by fixation using 11 post-treatment schedules ranging from 50–70 °C and 5 different relative humidity conditions. The effect of these post-treatment schedules on fixation rate, chemical leachability and decay resistant once were evaluated to better understand the effects of fixation/drying conditions on leachability and biodeterioration. Southern pine blocks fixes slightly slower than red pine. Fixation of CCA at high temperature high humidity, essential initially fixation at high humidity for fixation/drying schedules, resulted in lower leaching of chromium and arsenic elements than high temperature low humidity or initially fixation at the high temperature low humidity conditions. Copper leaching was indicated no significant difference under 11 fixation/drying conditions for both species. Weight losses for southern pine byChaetomium globosum was lower than red pine byGloeophyllom trabeum. There were some different capacities of decay resistance for both species under those post treatment conditions.     

Genetic transformation of loblolly pine using mature zygotic embryo explants by Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Introduction1Genetictransformationinconifershasthepotentialtoallowtheselectiveimprovementofindividualtraitsinelitecloneswhilestillmaintainingtheexistingcombinationofgenesresponsibleforthesuperiorphenotype(Charestetal.1991;Jamesetal.1996;Walteretal.1999).Atpresent,althoughconsiderableresearchefforthasbeendevotedtothegeneticengineeringofconiferspecies(Sederoffetal.1986;Bekkauoietal.1988,1990;Robertsonetal.1992;Bomminenietal.1993;Shinetal.1994;Klimaszewskaetal.1997),ithaslaggedbehindadvancesma…     

Adoption of improved fallow technology for soil fertility management in Zambia: Empirical studies and emerging issues

In the subsistence-agricultural region of eastern Zambia, less than 10% of the households have adequate supply of maize (Zea mays L.), the staple food, throughout the year. A major constraint to increasing crop production in the region is poor fertility status of the soil. In order to address this problem, improved fallow has been introduced as a technology for improving soil fertility within a short span of two to three years. Farmers have been testing the technology and a number of empirical studies have been undertaken over the years to identify the factors influencing farmers' decision to adopt the technology. This paper presents a synthesis of the results of adoption studies and highlights generic issues on the adoption of improved fallows in Zambia. The synthesis indicates that farmers' decision on technology adoption does not have a simple directed relationship of some technological characteristics only, but constitutes a matrix of factors including household characteristics, community level factors, socioeconomic constraints and incentives that farmers face, access to information, local institutional arrangements and macro policies on agriculture. The adoption of improved fallows is not strictly speaking a binary choice problem but a continuous process in which farmers occupy a position along a continuum in the adoption path. Further, adoption of improved fallows may not take place in a policy vacuum but needs to be facilitated by appropriate and conducive policy and institutional incentives. Several questions and issues that require further study emerge from the synthesis. These include determination of the relative importance of the factors in the adoption matrix, identification of the conditions under which farmers use a combination of inputs and their profitability under changing price scenarios, exact definition to delineate between `non-adopters', `testers' and `adopters' of agroforestry technologies, and understanding the impact of cash crop farming in farmers' adoption decisions of improved fallows (where off farm opportunities exist). Further, there is a need to determine the inter-relationship between household poverty, labor availability and the adoption of improved fallows and, to evaluate a combination of policy interventions at both national and local level to promote the adoption of agroforestry-based soil fertility management. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.