南海北部海域多齿蛇鲻的种群分析

对南海北部海域5个多齿蛇鲻地理群体(北海、湛江、茂名、东莞、汕尾)共78个个体的线粒体控制区基因序列进行了扩增测序。在78个个体的568bp序列中共检测到48个单倍型,39个变异位点。经分子变异等级分析(AMOVA)得出5个地理群体内遗传变异度为98.82%,群体间遗传变异度仅为1.18%,各群体间成对遗传变异固定指数FST值在0.00024～0.03008;78个个体间的遗传距离在0～0.025。通过对基于序列片段构建的NJ树和基于序列单倍型利用中介网络法构建的群体间关系网的分析发现,5个群体间有明显的基因交流,遗传分化差异不大;再结合种群、种及属的界定标准,判定5个多齿蛇鲻群体归属于同一种群;而且,在经历快速增长、变异和瓶颈期之后,多齿蛇鲻种群就以小群体模式继续快速增长,形成地理群体。     

南太湖近岸水域叶绿素a含量与氮磷浓度的关系

2007年6月-2008年4月对南太湖近岸水域进行了4次生态环境调查,在此基础上,对叶绿素a含量（Chl.a）与总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）浓度及氮磷比（N/P）的关系进行了统计分析。结果表明：南太湖水体中Chl.a含量与TN浓度的关系存在显著的季节差异,在蓝藻水华大范围爆发的2007年6月和2008年4月2者呈极显著的正相关,而2007年10月和2008年1月2者无显著性关系;Chl.a含量与TP浓度在4次调查中皆无显著相关关系;岭回归分析显示,N/P 10～25是南太湖水体中附着藻类的最佳生长范围,此时总氮、总磷浓度及氮磷比与Chl.a含量呈显著的正相关,4者的多元回归关系为Chl.a=-0.0012＋0.0064 TN＋0.0215 TP＋0.0005N/P（R=0.543,P〈0.023）。总体来说,南太湖水体中的总氮、总磷浓度及氮磷比皆在藻类生长的适宜范围内,氮磷浓度处于较高水平,已经不是藻类生长的限制因素,在不同水温、光照等环境因子的作用下,加上本水域复杂的水文和季风共同影响下形成了蓝藻水华爆发的季节性差异。     

新隆优一号在皖南地区高产制种技术研究

介绍了宣城市的自然气候特征以及新隆优一号亲本特征与特性，分析了高产制种技术要点。     

韩国松材线虫病防治进展及其启示

韩国是世界上松材线虫病主要发生国，通过20多年的研究和治理，对松材线虫病有较丰富的管理经验和先进的防治技术。通过对该国实地考察，较系统地了解了松材线虫病在韩国的发生危害、研究现状和实用控制技术，并针对湖南省的实际情况，提出了有效预防、治理的措施和方法。     

以南非肉用美利奴绵羊为父本的不同组合杂种的生长发育

试验以南非肉用美利奴绵羊为父本,以考力代、夏洛莱、本地羊、小尾寒羊、夏考和夏土F1代杂种为母本,比较各组合杂种生长发育的差异。所研究的性状包括初生重、断奶重、6月龄重、周岁重、断奶前日增重(ADG1)、断奶至6月龄日增重(ADG2)。数据使用SPSS统计软件的GLM过程和Ducan氏多重比较。结果表明,母亲年龄对初生重影响显著(P0.01)。出生类型、杂交组合、性别对初生重、断奶重、断奶前日增重以及断奶至6月龄日增重影响显著(P0.01)。出生月份对所有性状影响显著,1～2月出生的杂种初生重和6月龄重显著大于3～5月出生的杂种(P0.05)。南寒ADG1为335 g.d-1,显著高于其它五个组合,但其ADG2为-173 g.d-1,明显弱于其它组合(P0.05)。     

秦岭南北地区人口增长对水资源影响的比较研究

采用近30年来(1970-2000)关中地区33个县市、陕南地区26个县市气象观测数据及研究区内各主要县市的近50年来(1949-2000)人口数据,对比分析了人口增长对秦岭南北地区水资源的影响。分析表明近50年来,关中地区每年平均增长人口27.1万人,陕南地区每年增长人口8.9万人,关中地区人口总数和增长速率分别是陕南地区的2倍和3.5倍;关中地区和陕南地区的人均水资源量变化都呈现出下降的趋势,关中地区的下降速率为每年2.1%,陕南地区下降的速率为1.4%;从时间上看,关中地区90年代与60年代相比,人均水资源量减少了46.5%,陕南地区90年代与60年代相比,人均水资源量减少了16.5%;从空间上看,关中地区主要缺水区域位于渭河的中下游,大部分地区人均水资源量在1,400m3以下,而陕南地区只有汉中水资源受人类影响较大人均水资源量在1,400m3以下,其他县市水资源仍然很丰富,人均水资源量在2,800m3以上。由于人口增长迅速,关中地区的水资源较陕南地区在时间和空间上都存在严重的缺乏,前景不容乐观。因此,从人口和水资源两方面考虑陕南地区是支持关中经济发展的重要后方。     

Evaluation of the efficiency of alternative two-tier nucleus breeding systems designed to improve meat sheep in Kenya

A deterministic approach was used to genetically and economically evaluate the efficiency of five two‐tier nucleus breeding systems for meat sheep in Kenya. The nucleus breeding systems differed in terms of whether the system was closed or open, in the type of animals that were involved in the movement of genetic superiority and in the number of selection pathways in each system. These systems were compared under four alternative breeding objectives based on monetary genetic gain and profit per ewe. The first objective simulated a situation where the flock size cannot be increased due to non‐feed related constraints (FLOCK). The second specifically assumed that the flock size is restricted due to limited amount of feed resources (FEED). The third and fourth objectives assumed that sheep performed only tangible roles (TR) and both tangible and intangible roles (IR) in the production system respectively. Monetary genetic gains were highest for all objectives in an open nucleus system with a certain proportion of commercial‐born ewes being introduced in the nucleus while at the same time utilizing young rams from the nucleus to breed sires and dams for the nucleus and commercial sector (ONyre). Utilizing young rams in a closed nucleus system for the dissemination of superior genes resulted in higher annual monetary genetic gain than utilization of old rams. Profit per ewe was significantly higher for FLOCK and IR in ONyre. In a closed system that allowed for downward movement of dams from the nucleus to the commercial sector to breed sires and dams, profit per ewe was highest for FEED and TR. The success of a nucleus breeding system should also focus on the profitability and logistics of establishing it. The implication of these results on the choice of two‐tier nucleus breeding systems for the improvement of meat sheep is discussed.     

Land Use – Land Cover Conversion, Regeneration and Degradation in the High Elevation Bolivian Andes

Regional land-cover change affects biodiversity, hydrology, and biogeochemical cycles at local, watershed, and landscape scales. Developing countries are experiencing rapid land cover change, but assessment is often restricted by limited financial resources, accessibility, and historical data. The assessment of regional land cover patterns is often the first step in developing conservation and management plans. This study used remotely sensed land cover and topographic data (Landsat and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission), supervised classification techniques, and spectral mixture analysis to characterize current landscape patterns and quantify land cover change from 1985 to 2003 in the Altiplano (2535–4671 m) and Intermediate Valley (Mountain) (1491–4623 m) physiographic zones in the Southeastern Bolivian Andes. Current land cover was mapped into six classes with an overall accuracy of 88% using traditional classification techniques and limited field data. The land cover change analysis showed that extensive deforestation, desertification, and agricultural expansion at a regional scale occurred in the last 20 years (17.3% of the Mountain Zone and 7.2% of the Altiplano). Spectral mixture analysis (SMA) indicated that communal rangeland degradation has also occurred, with increases in soil and non-photosynthetic vegetation fractions in most cover classes. SMA also identified local areas with intensive management activities that are changing differently from the overall region (e.g., localized areas of increased green vegetation). This indicates that actions of local communities, governments, and environmental managers can moderate the potentially severe future changes implied by the results of this study.     

罗布泊南部野双峰驼的分布与环境

在１９９５－１９９６年两年调查的基础上,我们又利用家驼队深入荒漠腹地,考察了罗布泊南部野双峰驼的分布和栖息环境,结果表明在罗布泊南部的湖岸区,阿尔金山北麓及山前丘陵地带均有野驼分布,库姆塔沙漠中部无野驼进入,但其西侧戈壁及丘间谷地为野驼南北迁徒的通道,冬季野驼主要集中活动在科什兰孜等罗布泊南岸及阿奇克谷地;夏季主要在山区北麓活动,所以应将该区域与上述分布区同归于一个分布区整体,即南北配置的景观复合     

Evaluation of some systems for classifying soil sensitivity to acid deposition in the South African highveld

Abstract. The Skokloster and Stockholm Environmental Institute (SEI) approaches were applied to the assessment of 145 soils of the South African highveld region in terms of sensitivity to acid deposition. The critical load class calculated by variants of these methods was compared with the acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) determined by pH measurement of soil suspended in a dilute acetate buffer solution. This rapid index of ANC correlates well both with ANC determined by an established but more laborious method which involves titration and equilibration of soil with HCl, and with a number of soil properties related to base status. The correlation between Skokloster or SEI critical load classes and ANC was weak. It was concluded that ANC determination would be a preferable basis for classifying these soils in terms of their sensitivity to acid deposition, since the method is direct and integrates the contribution of various soil properties to acid sensitivity instead of requiring the relative contribution to be calculated according to somewhat arbitrary weightings given to broadly defined classes of soil properties.