南方红壤丘陵区水土保持生态服务功能提升研究进展——以江西省兴国县塘背河小流域为例

[目的]总结和探讨南方红壤丘陵区水土保持生态服务功能的提升途径,为该区水土保持生态建设、脱贫致富和社会经济可持续发展提供科学借鉴。[方法]以江西省兴国县塘背河小流域为例,基于相关科学研究和文献资料,在综合考虑不同生态服务功能之间的关系基础上,开展以水土保持服务功能提升为核心的关键技术研究。[结果]在系统梳理塘背河小流域治理成效的基础上,指出崩岗侵蚀、林分结构单一和林下流、规模化经果林开发导致的局部水土流失恶化和生态系统脆弱等问题依然存在,亟需从前期侧重遏制水土流失为主的生态修复转向生态系统服务功能整体提升为主的新阶段,这是南方红壤丘陵区普遍存在的问题。[结论]建议以生态系统服务提升为核心目标,从不同服务之间权衡与协同关系和水土保持服务的空间流动等基础科学问题研究入手,研发水土保持生态服务功能提升关键技术(包括权衡与协同土壤保持与生物多样性、水源涵养和固碳增汇等服务功能之间的关系),并构建生态和社会经济协调发展的生态服务功能提升综合模式,打造塘背河小流域"升级版"和"扩展板",以促进研究成果的转化,服务南方红壤丘陵区生态环境保护与可持续高质量发展。     

基于线粒体Cyt b基因的黄鳍马面鲀种群分析

采用线粒体细胞色素b(cytochrome b,Cyt b)基因片段为遗传标记,分析了南海北部陆架和南沙西南部陆架海域5个黄鳍马面鲀群体的遗传结构,以判定南海北部不同海域之间及南海北部与南沙西南部陆架海域黄鳍马面鲀的种群归属。结果表明,在156个个体的779 bp Cyt b同源序列中共检测到56个变异位点和58种单倍型,5个群体间遗传距离为0.002 95~0.004 15,遗传分化性呈现出高单倍型多样性(0.820 1~0.980 4)和低核苷酸多样性(0.002 62~0.004 69)的特点;分子方差分析和遗传分化指数显示,黄鳍马面鲀的遗传变异来自群体内个体间,群体间无显著遗传分化;单倍型网络结构图和群体系统发育树结构均未出现明显的以地方群体为单位的家系式分支或者聚簇。比较5个不同地理群体间的遗传发育关系并结合种属界定标准判定,南海北部和南沙西南部陆架5个黄鳍马面鲀群体属于同一个种群。     

基于灯光罩网法的南海鸢乌贼声学评估技术研究

南海中南部深水海域蕴藏着丰富的鸢乌贼资源,为推动南海外海渔业资源开发,实验探索了灯光罩网与声学手段相结合的鸢乌贼资源量评估方法。根据2011年4—5月在南沙群岛海域灯光罩网和Simrad EY60科学鱼探仪同步采集鸢乌贼生物学和声学数据,对鸢乌贼的趋光性行为、种群结构、声学映像和分布水层等特征进行分析。结果表明,灯光诱集结合罩网采样可确定南海鸢乌贼的单体回波,分布于0～100 m水层;通过背景噪声消除、鱼类和浮游动物目标限定、单体目标检测等处理,确定鸢乌贼现场目标强度-67～-52 dB;选择鸢乌贼渔获比例较大的网次,统计得到鸢乌贼胴长10.4～14.2 cm,对应目标强度-60.7～-58.0 dB,胴长与目标强度经验公式为TS=21.23LogML-82.48。研究认为,声学与灯光罩网相结合的调查方法可以作为南海今后开展鸢乌贼资源量评估的基本方法。     

Reproductive success of the Argentine anchovy,Engraulis anchoita,in relation to environmental variability at a mid‐shelf front (Southwestern Atlantic Ocean)

The mid‐shelf front (MSF) of the Buenos Aires province continental shelf in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean plays a central role in the pelagic ecosystem of the region acting as the main spring reproductive area for the northern population of the Argentine anchovy Engraulis anchoita and supporting high concentrations of chlorophyll as well as zooplankton, the main food of anchovy. To investigate the influence of environmental variability on the reproductive success of E. anchoita, we analyzed a 13‐yr time series (1997–2009) of environmental data at MSF including chlorophyll dynamics, as well as zooplankton composition and abundance, ichthyoplankton distributions, and recruitment of E. anchoita. Spring chlorophyll concentrations showed high interannual variability and were mainly influenced by changes in water temperature and vertical stratification, which in turn control nutrient supply to the surface. Chlorophyll dynamics (magnitude, timing, and duration of the spring bloom) explained most of the variability observed in E. anchoita recruitment, most likely via fluctuations in the availability of adequate food for the larvae. Our results suggest that satellite ocean color products can be valuable tools for understanding variability in ecosystem dynamics and its effects on the recruitment of fish.     

Technical efficiency of carp pond culture in South Asia: An application of a stochastic meta‐production frontier model

Abstract

A stochastic meta‐production frontier model is estimated to examine the inter‐country differences in levels of technical efficiency of semi‐intensive/intensive and extensive carp pond culture systems among the major carp producing countries in South Asia, namely India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Nepal. The mean technical efficiencies for semi‐intensive/intensive farms vary from 0.68 for Nepal to 0.79 for India, with an overall average of 0.75 and those for extensive farms vary from 0.48 for Bangladesh to 0.62 for Pakistan, with an overall mean of 0.57. Differences in efficiency levels are explained in terms of various farm‐specific and country‐specific factors by estimating a model for technical inefficiency effects. The adoption of recommended fish, water, and feed management practices is found to be critical for improved performance of carp producers. For each country, the study also compares the efficiency scores based on its own production frontier with those obtained from the meta‐production frontier.     

湘西“微缩竹雕”传承人王仕辉的竹雕艺术探析

微缩竹雕是以土家族传统建筑为对象,通过竹雕技艺再现建筑特色的一种雕刻形式。文章详细介绍了湖南省非物质文化"微缩竹雕"技艺传承人王仕辉竹雕作品的制作工艺和艺术特征。王仕辉老艺人依靠自己掌握的竹刻技艺,以传承和保护优秀传统民间文化为己任,将土家族传统建筑特色、民俗民风、习俗礼仪等有机融合到自己的作品中,不遗余力地推广土家族竹雕艺术和土家文化,使竹雕成为一种传播文化和历史的有效手段。     

南疆早熟棉品种覆膜与不覆膜栽培比较试验

为了探索早熟棉花品种在南疆干旱区滴灌条件下不覆膜（裸地）栽培技术,2014年叶尔羌河试验站进行了南疆早熟棉品种裸地栽培试验。结果表明：裸地栽培可适当推迟打顶时间,也可根据具体苗情而定;各品种裸地栽培单铃重、衣分均无太大差异,但绒长都较覆膜栽培的短,说明裸地栽培对品种的单铃重、衣分没有太大影响,但对绒长有一定的影响。裸地栽培个别品种在采收过程中有夹壳现象。     

Identification of a novel cyprinid herpesvirus 3 genotype detected in koi from the East Asian and South‐East Asian Regions

Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV‐3) is a highly contagious virus that causes significant morbidity and mortality in common carp Cyprinus carpio L. and considered to be one of the most important pathogens of koi and common carp worldwide. Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 infected consignments imported from East Asian and South‐East Asian regions were identified during quarantine period in Singapore, and virus from a 2005 consignment was successfully isolated in koi fin cells. A combination of sequence analyses and duplex PCR were used to characterize 15 CyHV‐3 isolates detected in koi consignments between 2005 and 2011. Sequence analyses of the enlarged 9/5, SphI‐5 and TK gene regions identified both the Asian 1 (n = 11) and European 4 (n = 4) genotypes. Duplex PCR analysis of two variable marker regions between ORF29 and ORF30 (marker I) as well as ORF133 and its upstream region (marker II) revealed viruses of genotypes J (I⁺⁺II⁺), U/I (I⁻⁻II⁻), an intermediate genotype (I⁺⁺II⁻) and a novel genotype, I⁺⁺II^+Δ, which was identified in viruses from seven different consignments. This novel genotype has a 13‐bp deletion in marker II, while maintaining the I⁺⁺ allele of marker I. The I⁺⁺II^+Δ genotype may have emerged from East Asian and South‐East Asian regions in recent years.     

安祖花保护地栽培与病虫害防治技术研究

[目的]探究安祖花在苏南地区的保护地栽培技术和常见病虫害防治技术。[方法]根据3年多来的栽培研究和安祖花生长的生物学特性要求,对安祖花在苏南地区的区域经济和气候适应性、保护地栽培管理技术等进行探讨。[结果]安祖花在苏南地区可以进行保护地栽培,并总结出了种苗的选择、栽培设施和基质的准备、上盆技术要求、栽培环境的控制、常见病虫害及其关键防治技术。[结论]为安祖花在苏南地区的保护地栽培和相关研究提供参考。