土壤养分分布特征研究

本试验以黑龙江省宾县三宝乡幸福村耕地土壤为研究对象,基于在研究区域选取的20个地块,根据野外调查采样和室内分析的方法进行土壤养分测定。测定养分为土壤有机质、全磷、速效氮、速效钾、速效磷及土壤pH值。试验目的为研究耕地土壤养分分布特征和供肥特性,并进行对比分析,以期为指导合理施肥和培肥土壤提供依据。结果表明:幸福村耕地土壤养分中P、K空间分布特征较为明显,土壤N含量普遍较高,有机质含量不高。因此,幸福村大田作物施肥方案中N可采用同一标准,均量管理,磷肥、钾肥应分区施用。     

牡丹江林区土壤分布规律浅析

牡丹江林区土壤分布规律为由东向西地带性土壤的垂直分布特点显著,随山体自下而上的土壤分布规律为:沼泽土→草甸土→暗棕壤→棕色针叶林土→亚高山灌丛草甸土;由西南向东北土壤的水平分布也有一定的变化趋势;因受各种成土条件及人为因素制约,不同地区土壤的小区分布也各有差异。     

The response of land snail assemblages below aspens to forest fire and clear-cutting in Fennoscandian boreal forests

Species can persist in a landscape with recurrent disturbances either through local survival or by dispersing to sites of a preferred successional stage. This study investigated in what extent forest floor dwelling land snails survived forest fires and clear-cutting. Snail fauna in LFH (litter, fermenting litter and humus) samples below retained aspen trees in disturbed areas were compared with samples under scattered aspens in adjacent forests by extracting snails from LFH samples below five aspens in several stands of each type (five forest fires, six clear-cuts, and seven undisturbed forests). LFH samples from burnt sites had a higher pH than from forests, but on average a lower abundance of individual snails (11 vs. 30 in 0.5 l LFH) and 50% lower species density (3 vs. 6 species). The abundances and species densities in the clear-cuts were less affected. There was generally a positive relationship between pH and both species density and abundance in all the stand types. Burning apparently depleted the snail fauna considerably and some species may be dependent on dispersal if they are to recover within the burnt area, while the snail assemblages at clear-cuts did not differ significantly in species composition from adjacent forests. The positive relationship between pH and snail prevalence on the burnt sites raises questions regarding the pre- and post-fire spatial variation in pH (and available minerals) within and among stands and how it relates to snail survival rates and their capacity to track suitable places after the disturbance. Retained aspens at clear-cuts seem to harbour a forest like land snail fauna.     

Relationships between soil and foliar nutrients in young densely planted mini-plots of Pinus radiata and Cupressus lusitanica

The long-term nature of forest crop rotations makes it difficult to determine impacts of forestry on soil nutrients that might be depleted by forest growth. We used small scale, highly stocked plots to compress the length of the rotation and rapidly induce nutrient depletion. In the study, two species (Pinus radiata D. Don and Cupressus lusitanica Miller) are compared under two disturbance regimes (soil undisturbed and compacted), and two fertiliser treatments (nil and plus fertiliser), applied in factorial combination at 33 sites, covering the range of climatic and edaphic variation found in plantation forests across New Zealand. To assess our ability to rapidly highlight important soil properties, foliar nutrient concentrations were determined 20 months after planting. It was hypothesised that the densely planted plots, even at a young age, would create sufficient pressure on nutrient resources to allow development of relationships between properties used as indicies of soil nutrient availability and foliar nutrient concentrations. For both species significant relationships between foliar nutrients and 0–10 cm layer soil properties from unfertilised plots were evident for N (total and mineralisable N) and P (total, acid extractable, organic, Bray-2 and Olsen P). With the exception of Ca in C. lusitanica, foliar K, Ca and Mg were correlated with their respective soil exchangeable cation measures. The results thus confirm the utility of the experimental approach and the relevance of the measured soil properties for forest productivity.

In unfertilised plots foliar N and P concentrations in P. radiata exceeded those in C. lusitanica, the differences being eliminated by fertiliser application. Foliar N/P ratios in P. radiata also exceeded those in C. lusitanica. In contrast to N and P, foliar K, Ca and Mg concentrations were all higher in C. lusitanica, the difference being particularly marked for Ca and Mg. P. radiata contained substantially higher concentrations of the metals Zn, Mn and Al than C. lusitanica, whereas the latter contained higher B concentrations. Possible reasons for differences between species in foliar nutrient concentrations are discussed.     

Effects of N, NP, and NPKS fertilizers applied to four-year old hybrid poplar plantations

Mineral fertilizers were applied to adjacent plantations of 2, 4-year old, hybrid poplars: clone 27 (Northwest, P. deltoides × P. balsamifera) and 794 (Brooks, P. deltoides × P. × petrowskyana), in north eastern Alberta. Fertilization was done in May 2003 to see whether growth rates could be increased and rotations shortened. Three fertilizers (N, NP and NPKS + Cu + Zn) were applied at each of three rates (supplying N at 0, 100 and 200 kg ha⁻¹) in a factorial randomized block design to the two separate plantations. Fertilization with 200 kg ha⁻¹ N and 100 kg ha⁻¹ P increased volume growth of clone 27 by 1 m³ ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ over 2 years. Clone 794 showed no volume response to fertilization, but produced 8.7 m³ ha⁻¹ more than clone 27. Leaf area, dry mass and nutrient concentrations of both clones increased in the first year after fertilization, showing that fertilizer uptake occurred. Decrease in leaf size between 2003 and 2004 was affected by fertilizer level in clone 794. There were differences between some nutrient concentrations in the soils occupied by the two clones, and clone 794 had higher leaf concentrations of N, K, Ca, S, Mn, Zn, B and Mo than clone 27. Fertilization of 4-year old plantations of either clone was unwarranted, and planting clone 794 would be likely to provide greater yield than planting and fertilizing clone 27.     

土壤呼吸影响因素研究进展

随着二氧化碳浓度的升高,全球变暖问题受到越来越多的关注。土壤是陆地生态系统最大的碳源,也是最大的碳汇。研究土壤呼吸作用对预测大气二氧化碳浓度变化,控制气候变暖,具有重要的意义。文章对土壤呼吸作用及其影响因素作了简要分析,为以后土壤呼吸方面的研究提供参考。     

辽东山区落叶松人工纯林诱导复层林更新试验

对辽宁东部山区落叶松人工纯林进行不同行状间伐试验,并在采伐迹地进行云杉幼树更新试验,试验结果发现:落叶松纯林经过行状间伐,草本层生物多样性显著增加,林地土壤持水力增强,增幅为4.4%～16.7%.不同更新行数试验的云杉幼树年均高生长量、冠幅生长量、地径生长量、总生物量大小变化明显,伐2行栽1行型与全光对比分别减少了27.4%、12.7%、21.7%、4.1%,而伐3栽2型分别增加了3.6%、0.8%、4.3%、15.8%.伐后保留带落叶松的生长得到了促进,2 a后落叶松的胸径、单株材积都比同龄落叶松纯林大,伐2栽1型与伐3栽2型增幅分别为2.7%～8%、4.6%～16.7%;高生长变化不明显.     

徐州石灰岩山地不同植被恢复模式对土壤健康的影响

在对徐州石灰岩山地不同植被恢复类型土壤理化性质研究的基础上,综合分析了不同植被恢复类型对土壤健康影响,结果表明：石灰岩山地不同植被恢复模式土壤健康存在明显差异。其中：针阔混交林中土壤物理性质较好,说明混交林在一定程度上改善了土壤物理性质;土壤有机质和各养分含量上层明显高于下层,且各养分含量均以针阔混交林最高,进一步说明混交林在一定程度上改善了土壤化学性质。应用主成分分析方法对3种植被类型林分土壤健康状况综合评价指标主成分得分,针叶林为-8.309,针阔混交林为6.876,阔叶林为1.433。各类型林分土壤健康状况排序为：针阔混交林〉阔叶林〉针叶林,表明针阔混交林能够改善土壤健康状况。建议在徐州石灰岩山地上应以针阔混交林为主要恢复模式,从而提高该地区土壤的健康水平。     

土壤可溶性有机质研究进展

可溶性有机质（DOM）是陆地生态系统重要的活性碳源和养分库,在土壤有机质的降解和矿化过程中发挥着关键作用,决定着土壤微生物区系和土壤生物学活性,在森林生态系统生命元素的生物地球化学物质循环中具有重要作用。本文介绍可溶性有机质的基本概念及其研究方法,分析和探讨可溶性有机质的影响因素及其发展趋势。     

Microbial biomass and activity along a natural pH gradient in forest soils in a karst region of the upper Yangtze River,China

Mountain closure, considered an effective and economic measure for natural restoration of degraded forest ecosystems, has been widely carried out in the karst region of southwest China. The aim of this study was to evaluate microbial aspects of soil quality after mountain closure by analyzing soil microbial biomass, basal respiration, metabolic quotient, and relationships with basic chemical properties in Guizhou Province, a karst region of the upper Yangtze River. Soil quality was considered poor from the low levels of microbial biomass carbon (MBC), nitrogen (MBN), and microbial quotient (MBC/total C and MBN/total N), but high metabolic quotient (qCO₂). Soil pH, showing marked variation from 4.1 to 7.9 in this karst region, was proved to significantly affect soil microbial biomass and activity. Soil microbial biomass, microbial quotient, and soil basal respiration declined significantly with decreasing soil pH, while qCO₂ showed an apparently increasing, but not statistically significant, trend. The changes in microbial biomass and activity following the change in soil pH could possibly be because of a change in soil microbial composition, and more detailed research is necessary. Compared with soil pH, soil organic matter content was another, more important, factor that directly restricted microbial growth because of the serious loss as a result of disturbance. As a practical application based on microbial aspects, introduction of some N-fixing tree species may be an active and effective measure to improve soil fertility and thus to accelerate restoration of the forest ecosystem in the karst region.