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991.
糙米发芽前的吸水过程是导致籽粒裂纹的根本原因,制约着发芽糙米品质和口感。为降低发芽前糙米裂纹增率,探究了完整吸湿区间内各含水率水平糙米的最优吸湿速率。将糙米初始含水率至发芽含水率的完整区间分为若干子区间,在各区间内以不同加湿速率加湿至该区间目标含水率。探究各区间内裂纹增率的变化规律,建立裂纹增率与加湿速率变化规律的数学模型,以低裂纹增率为目标确定最优加湿速率。在此基础上,得出完整区间内以低裂纹增率及高效率为目标的加湿速率数学模型并试验验证。与前期分段加湿工艺相比,本优化工艺可降低发芽前糙米和发芽糙米裂纹增率(41.48±0.15)%和(43.67±0.26)%,糙米发芽率和γ-氨基丁酸含量增加(6.92±0.25)%和(25.03±0.18)%,为高品质发芽糙米的生产方法提供参考。 相似文献
992.
The effects of tillage methods on percent surface residue cover remaining and decomposition rates of crop residues were evaluated in this study. The line transect method was used to measure residue cover percentage on continuous corn (Zea mays L.) plots under no tillage (NT), conventional tillage (CT), chisel plow (CH), and disk tillage (DT). Samples of rye (Secale cereale L.) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) were used for residue decomposition study. Results showed that the percentage of residue cover remaining was significantly higher for NT than for CH and DT and that for CT was the lowest (< 10%). For the same tillage system, the percent residue cover remaining was significantly higher in the higher fertilizer N rate treatments relative to the lower fertilizer N treatments. Weight losses of rye and vetch residues followed a similar pattern under CT and DT, and they were significantly faster in CT and DT than in NT system. Also, the amounts of residue N remaining during the first 16 weeks were always higher under NT than under CT and DT. 相似文献
993.
Paolo Bazzoffi Sergio Pellegrini Andrea Rocchini Miranda Morandi Olga Grasselli 《Soil & Tillage Research》1998,48(4):918-286
Application of urban refuse compost to agricultural soil could help to solve municipalities' problems related to the increasing production of waste only if soil property improvement and environmental conservation can be demonstrated. The use of low-pressure tractor tyres is another proposal in modern agriculture for reducing soil compaction. This study thus aimed to detect the effects of both compost and low-pressure tractor tyres on soil loss, runoff, aggregate stability, bulk density, penetrometer resistance and maize (Zea mays L.) yield. A 3-year field experiment was carried out on a hilly (15% slope) clay loam soil in central Italy. Twelve plots (200 m2 each) were monitored with tipping-pot devices for runoff and soil erosion measurement. Treatments were: compost addition (64 Mg ha−1), mineral fertilisation, use of low-pressure tyres, use of traditional tyres, with three replicates, in a fully randomised block design. Compost was applied once at the beginning of the experiment. Runoff reduction due to compost ranged between 7 and 399 m3 ha−1 during seasons, while soil erosion was reduced between 0.2 and 2.4 Mg ha−1. Mean weight diameter (MWD) of stable aggregates, measured on wheel tracks, increased by 2.19 mm, then progressively decreased. Compost significantly increased bulk density by 0.08 Mg m−3 due to its inert fraction content. This effect was less evident in the second and third year, probably due to harrowing. Maize yields were slightly, but significantly, reduced in composted plots by 1.72 Mg ha−1 in the third year. Low-pressure tyres significantly reduced soil loss in the third year by 1 Mg ha−1. Furthermore, they did not significantly influence runoff volumes and soil structural stability. Low-pressure tyres or compost addition were singly able to prevent an increase in penetrometer resistance due to agricultural machinery traffic. Low-pressure tyres increased the maize yield during the 3 years and the difference (0.4 Mg ha−1) became significant in the third year. In conclusion, results show the positive lasting effect of compost in ameliorating soil physical properties and reducing runoff and soil erosion. Low-pressure tyres appear justifiable both for the observed increase of grain production and reduction of soil compaction. This latter effect is, nevertheless, masked by compost addition which is also able to reduce penetrometer resistance. Further research is required to explain the causes of the slight inhibition of grain yield observed when compost was compared with mineral fertilisation. 相似文献
994.
Carbon distribution and losses: erosion and deposition effects 总被引:21,自引:0,他引:21
E. G. Gregorich K. J. Greer D. W. Anderson B. C. Liang 《Soil & Tillage Research》1998,47(3-4):291-302
Because of concerns about the eventual impact of atmospheric CO2 accumulations, there is growing interest in reducing net CO2 emissions from soil and increasing C storage in soil. This review presents a framework to assess soil erosion and deposition processes on the distribution and loss of C in soils. The physical processes of erosion and deposition affect soil C distribution in two main ways and should be considered when evaluating the impact of agriculture on C storage. First, these processes redistribute considerable amounts of soil C, within a toposequence or a field, or to a distant site. Accurate estimates of soil redistribution in the landscape or field are needed to quantify the relative magnitude of soil lost by erosion and accumulated by deposition. Secondly, erosion and deposition drastically alter the biological process of C mineralization in soil landscapes. Whereas erosion and deposition only redistribute soil and organic C, mineralization results in a net loss of C from the soil system to the atmosphere. Little is known about the magnitude of organic C losses by mineralization and those due to erosion, but the limited data available suggest that mineralization predominates in the first years after the initial cultivation of the soil, and that erosion becomes a major factor in later years. Soils in depositional sites usually contain a larger proportion of the total organic C in labile fractions of soil C because this material can be easily transported. If the accumulation of soil in depositional areas is extensive, the net result of the burial (and subsequent reduction in decomposition) of this active soil organic matter would be increased C storage. Soil erosion is the most widespread form of soil degradation. At regional or global levels its greatest impact on C storage may be in affecting soil productivity. Erosion usually results in decreased primary productivity, which in turn adversely affects C storage in soil because of the reduced quantity of organic C returned to the soil as plant residues. Thus the use of management practices that prevent or reduce soil erosion may be the best strategy to maintain, or possibly increase, the worlds soil C storage. 相似文献
995.
Irene Ryzhova 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1998,27(3):263-266
The nonlinear model of the carbon cycle in soils (NAMSOM) was used to analyze the sensitivity of soil organic matter levels
to variations in carbon turnover parameters. We were able to predict the sensitivity of soil organic matter levels to variations
of climate-dependent carbon turnover parameters, which allowed us to compare the sensitivity of soil organic matter levels
to net primary productivity of plant communities and plant debris decomposition rate constants across the range of soils in
the European part of Russia. The results indicate that meadow steppes show the lowest sensitivity to variations of these parameters.
In passing from meadow steppes to the northern taiga and to semideserts, the sensitivity increases. In general, soil organic
matter levels of boreal forest ecosystems are about 2–3 times more sensitive to input and decomposition of plant debris than
to decomposition of humus. In subboreal grassland ecosystems the sensitivity to humus decomposition increases and becomes
closer to the degree of sensitivity shown by soil organic matter levels to variations of productivity and decomposition of
plant debris. The proposed method may be useful for predicting the response of ecosystems to climatic change.
Received: 1 December 1997 相似文献
996.
997.
998.
土壤水分对棉花蕾铃脱落和纤维品质的影响 总被引:17,自引:0,他引:17
1991 ̄1995年在人工控制水分的条件下,研究不同生育阶段土壤对棉花蕾铃脱落与纤维品质的影响。研究发现,土壤水分不足或过大,均易造成雷铃脱落增加和品质下降。有利于增蕾保铃和提高纤维品质的土壤湿度,约相当于田间持水量的55% ̄75%。不同生育阶段的棉花蕾铃脱落率和对水分的敏感系数不同。蕾铃脱落对水分的敏感系数以开花盛期-吐絮期最大,蕾期相对较小。脱落率以开花盛期-吐絮期最大,开花-开花盛期次之,吐 相似文献
999.
通过大量事实分析了水土流失的危害及水土保持对农业可持续发展的作用,充分说明了水土保持是黄土高原农业走持续发展道路的可靠保证,也是改善生态环境和生产条件并防止山区水旱灾害,促进群众脱贫致富的根本途径。 相似文献
1000.
水分类型对土壤排放的温室气体组成和综合温室效应的影响 总被引:34,自引:2,他引:34
实验室研究表明,土壤排放出的温室气体(CO2、CH4和N2O)组成及总理显著地受土壤水分类型和施用秸秆的影响。连续淹水条件下,土壤仅排放微理的N2O,但排放出大量的C睡C敢条件下,土壤不排放C上键合的但排放出大量的N2O;虽然淹水的土壤排水促进N2O排放,但显著抑制CH4的排放,淹水好气交替处理的土壤其排放的CO2、CH4和N2O均在好气和连续淹水之间。根据各种温室产生温室效应的相对潜力,计算土壤 相似文献