Short term soil priming effects and the mineralisation of biochar following its incorporation to soils of different pH

The aim of this work was to determine the magnitude of the priming effect, i.e. short-term changes in the rate (negative or positive) of mineralisation of native soil organic carbon (C), following addition of biochars. The biochars were made from Miscanthus giganteus, a C4 plant, naturally enriched with ¹³C. The biochars were produced at 350 °C (biochar350) and 700 °C (biochar700) and applied with and without ryegrass as a substrate to a clay-loam soil at pH 3.7 and 7.6. A secondary aim was to determine the effect of ryegrass addition on the mineralisation of the two biochars.After 87 days, biochar350 addition caused priming effects equivalent to 250 and 319 μg CO₂-C g⁻¹ soil, in the low and high pH soil, respectively. The largest priming effects occurred at the start of the incubations. The size of the priming effect was decreased at higher biochar pyrolysis temperatures, which may be a way of controlling priming effects following biochar incorporation to soil, if desired. The priming effect was probably induced by the water soluble components of the biochar. At 87 days of incubation, 0.14% and 0.18% of biochar700 and 0.61% and 0.84% of biochar350 were mineralized in the low and high pH soil, respectively. Ryegrass addition gave an increased biochar350 mineralisation of 33% and 40%, and increased biochar700 at 137% and 70%, in the low and high pH soils, respectively. Certainly, on the basis of our results, if biochar is used to sequester carbon a priming effect may occur, increasing CO₂-C evolved from soil and decreasing soil organic C. However, this will be more than compensated for by the increased soil C caused by biochar incorporation. A similar conclusion holds for accelerated mineralisation of biochar due to incorporation of fresh labile substrates. We consider that our results are the first to unequivocally demonstrate the initiation, progress and termination of a true positive priming effect by biochar on native soil organic C.     

豆科与禾本科绿肥饲草作物混播增肥及改土效果研究

采用四因素单形重心混料设计,对豆科与禾本科绿肥作物混播增肥改土效果及其混播技术进行研究,结果表明:箭筈豌豆、毛苕子、谷子混播为最佳混播方式,其用种量为箭筈豌豆75.0kg/hm2、毛苕子30kg/hm2、谷子20kg/hm2,在小麦扬花期撒播,鲜草产量可达36138kg/hm2,较单播箭筈豌豆、毛苕子、谷子分别增产34.6%、1.9%、156.3%;鲜根量可达3534kg/hm2,较单播箭筈豌豆、毛苕子、谷子分别增加81.4%、67.2%、28.9%。混播区较单播区土壤有机质含量增加0.148～0.43g/kg,全氮增加-0.04～0.11g/kg,碱解氮增加2.1mg/kg,速效磷增加1mg/kg,全磷基本保持平衡,土壤容重减轻0.01～0.02g/cm3,土壤孔隙度提高0.33%～0.66%。     

卷叶螟绒茧蜂寄生棉大卷叶螟的行为及其与寄主密度的关系

卷叶螟绒茧蜂Apanteles derogatae Watanabe是棉大卷叶螟Sylepta derogata Fabricius幼虫期的一种重要内寄生蜂,对棉大卷叶螟种群有较好的控制作用。在实验室条件下,运用人工接虫观察法研究卷叶螟绒茧蜂对棉大卷叶螟幼虫的寄生行为。结果表明,该蜂搜寻寄主的时间平均为2．38 min,处理寄主的时间仅需0．86 min;寄生寄主的最适龄期为寄主2龄幼虫;对1龄幼虫的致死率达32%,但其寄生率仅为16%,其余16%的个体为穿刺致死。饲喂蜂蜜水能显著增加该蜂的产卵量,延长其产卵历期和增强其穿刺能力。寄生蜂的寄生能力与寄主密度的关系呈抛物线型:在寄生蜂均为16头/m~3雌蜂条件下,当寄主密度从80头/m~3增加到320头/m~3时,寄主的被寄生个体数随之增加,但当寄主密度超过320头/m~3后,寄主的被寄生个体数反而随寄主密度的上升呈下降趋势。     

内蒙古地区草地表层土壤容重空间格局分析

本文以内蒙古地区草地表层土壤容重调查测定数据为基础,结合遥感和气候多重数据,进行草地土壤容重与海拔、年均气温、年均降雨、≥10℃积温、湿润度和NDVI等6个生态要素之间的回归分析。根据回归拟合方程,借助ArcGIS平台进行单因素插值,并通过插值预测结果与实测数据的拟合程度进行各因素对土壤容重影响的权重分析,加权叠加并综合插值出内蒙古草地土壤容重1 km×1 km栅格的空间分布图。结果表明：内蒙古地区草地土壤容重平均值为1.45 g·cm^-3,其中温性荒漠类草地的土壤容重最大,为1.58 g·cm^-3,温性草甸草原类土壤容重最小,为1.27 g·cm^-3;空间格局上,草地表层土壤容重自东向西方向呈现由低到高逐渐递增的趋势。综合插值得到的内蒙古草地表层土壤容重空间格局图,通过预测值与实测值之间的复相关性检验,其复相关系数R²=0.6739,均方根误差（RMSE）为0.1424 g·cm^-3,总体偏差为9.77%,平均预测精度达90.23%。综合空间插值结果较好地反映了内蒙古地区土壤容重空间分布情况,与土壤类型和草地类型的分布基本吻合。     

土池养殖南美白对虾合理密度研究简报

在土池养殖场环境下,分析对虾土池精养产量与合理养成密度的关系。以求更好发挥单位水体的生产效力,促进对虾养殖朝着更健康、更高效的方向发展。     

Diatomaceous earth foliar spraying along with adjuvants in pistachio orchards associated with the common pistachio psylla,Agonoscena pistaciae

The common pistachio psylla, Agonoscena pistaciae, is a serious global pest menacing pistachio orchards. Considering the dangers of using excessive chemical pesticides, it seems that using natural insecticides such as diatomaceous earth is a suitable way to lower the residual amount of highly hazardous pesticides. In this study, the effects of diatomaceous earth with different additives, including dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, polyurethane glue as a wood adhesive, and potassium silicate, were investigated in several concentrations over two years in orchard conditions. Although all treatments showed significant effects, the most effective treatments were (diatomaceous earth+dipotassium hydrogen phosphate) and (diatomaceous earth+polyurethane glue). Therefore, the use of diatomaceous earth combined with the additive materials mentioned can potentially be a safe method for the integrated management of the common pistachio psylla.     

Soil sterilization effects on root growth and formation of rhizosheaths in wheat seedlings

Sterilized soils are frequently used in experiments related to soil biology. Soil sterilization is known to alter physicochemical characteristics of soil, plant growth and community structure of the newly developed bacterial population. However, little information exists regarding soil sterilization effects on belowground processes mediated through root–microbe–soil interactions, e.g., development of rhizosheaths which significantly promote the plant growth under stress environments. The present study was conducted to elucidate effects of soil sterilization on wheat root growth and formation of rhizosheaths in relation to chemical changes caused by soil sterilization and the proportion of expolysaccharide (EPS)-producers in bacterial population recolonizing the sterilized soils. Wheat plants were grown for two weeks under greenhouse conditions either in the unsterilized soil or in soils sterilized by autoclaving (121 °C, 1 h) or by gamma (γ)-irradiation (50 kGy). While soil sterilization had no effect on the release of macronutrients, both sterilization procedures significantly increased the electrical conductivity, water-soluble carbon and DTPA-extractable Mn. Seedlings grown in sterilized soils produced higher root biomass and the rhizosheath soil (RS) mass as compared to those grown in the unsterilized soil. Soil sterilization also increased the root length, surface area, volume and number of tips. In bulk soil, RS and on roots, the proportion of EPS-producers in the total bacterial population was higher in sterilized treatments than in the unsterilized. Amending the unsterilized soil with glucose-C increased the root biomass, whereas adding Mn II increased the RS mass. The results showed that soil sterilization by autoclaving or γ-irradiation increases the root growth and RS mass of wheat seedlings. The water-soluble C and DTPA-extractable Mn released upon sterilization, and the increased proportion of EPS-producers in the bacterial population recolonizing the sterilized soils were involved in the observed effects. The results may have implications in studies using autoclaved or γ-irradiated soils to investigate soil–plant–microbe interactions and signify the need to account for intrinsic stimulatory effects of soil sterilization.     

哈密瓜内生细菌菌群密度及分布动态

分离哈密瓜植株组织中的内生细菌,对不同品种、不同栽培环境、不同组织器官、不同生育期的哈密瓜内生细菌的菌群组成、菌群密度的动态分布特点进行研究.结果表明:哈密瓜不同品种、不同种植地区、不同组织器官、不同生育期内生细菌的菌群密度有较大差异.抗病品种中的内生细菌显著高于感病品种.哈密瓜各组织中,种子的内生细菌最多,其次为根,再次为茎、叶片、叶柄,果实中最少.在不同生长阶段,随着哈密瓜生育期的延长,内生细菌数量变化呈"高-低-高"的变化特点,即从苗期到花期,植株内生细菌总量下降,至成熟期数量显著增加的特点.对所分离的内生细菌进行菌群分析表明,哈密瓜内生细菌包括芽孢杆菌属、黄单胞菌属、假单胞菌属、欧文氏菌属、葡萄球菌属、鞘氨醇单胞菌属、黄色单胞菌属和类芽孢杆菌属(Paenibacillus)等,其中芽孢杆菌属出现的频率最高,在所分离的哈密瓜品种中都是优势菌群,约占总分离菌株的54.58%;但菌群多样性在不同哈密瓜品种和种植地区间差异不显著;种子中类群最少,随着植株生长,类群增加.     

种植密度与施肥对巨菌草农艺性状和生产性能的影响

以巨菌草为试验草种,通过研究种植密度与施肥对其农艺性状和生产性能的影响,探明高产栽培技术,为其大面积推广应用提供科学依据。结果表明,随种植密度增大,巨菌草分蘖数、茎粗减小,株高、鲜草产量先升后降,适宜的种植密度为株行距80 cm×60 cm （20 833丛·hm^-2）;以有机肥或废菌料作基肥,适宜施肥量为3 000 kg·hm^-2;在基肥基础上进行尿素或复合肥追肥,适宜追肥量为750 kg·hm^-2。     

银中杨人工林抚育采伐技术研究

采用标准地调查方法,对初植密度为2 m×2m的银中杨人工林的抚育采伐开始期和采伐强度进行调查研究,确定抚育采伐开始期为8年生时,采伐强度为50%。研究确定了银中杨人工林的经营密度表,以期为生产经营提供依据。