Life history attributes of the threatened Australian snake (Stephen's banded snake Hoplocephalus stephensii, Elapidae)

Whether or not a species is threatened by habitat change is influenced by its life-history traits as well as by the nature and severity of the threatening process. Detailed studies of declining taxa can clarify reasons for their vulnerability, both in proximate terms (e.g., taxa with slow growth, delayed maturation, low fecundity and infrequent reproduction will be poorly suited to withstand increases in adult mortality rates) and in an evolutionary perspective (i.e., what attributes of the environment have favoured the evolution of certain life history traits?). We obtained data on life history traits during an intensive radio-tracking study on the threatened arboreal elapid snake Hoplocephalus stephensii from forest habitats of eastern Australia. Based on 39 field-collected specimens, these long, slender snakes (mean adult snout-vent length 73 cm, mass 114 g) feed predominantly on mammalian prey such as Bush Rats (Rattus fuscipes) and Pygmy-possums (Cercartetus nanus); but juveniles also take lizards. Foraging modes are diverse, from active searching through to ambush. Gape-limitation prevents snakes from ingesting adults of the most abundant local rodent (R. fuscipes), limiting the snakes to specialise on sub-adult rats which are only seasonally available. Rates of feeding, growth and reproduction are low; for example, none of 21 wild-caught females was reproductive. However, snakes given access to abundant prey in captivity, rapidly gained in body condition, grew significantly, and subsequently reproduced. Litters consisted of a few (1-9), relatively large (25 cm snout-vent length, 7.5 g) offspring. The “slow” life-history traits that have contributed to endangerment of this taxon may include proximate as well as evolutionary responses to the low temperatures and limited prey availability in the forest habitat of H. stephensii.     

缓/控释肥对小麦增产与提高氮肥利用率的效果研究

以不施氮肥、尿素基施和尿素基追比5:5等3个处理做对照,对3种包膜缓/控释肥处理冬小麦产量、产量相关因子、不同时期植株含氮量及肥料利用率进行了分析比较。结果表明,缓/控肥处理的以上几个指标均接近于尿素基追比5:5处理。与尿素基施相比,包膜缓/控释肥增产10.03%～11.17%,有效穗数和穗粒数增加,返青-拔节期植株含氮量明显提高,氮肥利用率提高了6.18%～11.57%。3种缓/控释肥相比较,产量、产量因子、植株含氮量及肥料利用率没有显著性差异。     

茶树施用控释氮肥的产量和品质效应

采用盆栽和大田试验,研究了控释氮肥对茶树生长发育、茶叶产量和品质的影响。结果表明,控释氮肥能明显促进茶树的生长发育,茶树新梢数、百芽重、成熟叶片数量及叶绿素含量、树高和主杆直径等均有明显提高,从而使盆栽茶树根、茎和叶各部位的生物产量比施普通尿素分别提高了58.3%、36.9%和17.2%。10个大田试验的茶叶产量增加了4.2%￣24.1%,平均9.6%。茶叶品质成分氨基酸、咖啡碱和水浸出物含量有不同程度提高,其中氨基酸增幅明显,但对茶多酚含量的影响不大,茶叶酚氨比明显降低。可见,控释氮肥具有明显的增产提质效果。     

大气CO2浓度缓增对稻田土壤甲烷氧化过程的影响

微生物介导的甲烷好氧氧化,对控制稻田甲烷排放起着重要作用。本文从基因、群落、活性等多个层次上解析CO₂浓度缓增对稻田土壤甲烷好氧氧化过程的影响及其作用机理。依托于田间CO₂浓度自动调控平台,在背景CO₂浓度(AC)基础上,设置了CO₂浓度缓增处理(每年增加40μL·L^-1,持续4年)(EC)。采用室内泥浆培养以及高通量测序和定量PCR技术,对不同CO₂处理下水稻关键生育期(分蘖期、拔节期、扬花期和乳熟期)土壤中的甲烷氧化潜势及其功能微生物的丰度和群落结构进行了系统研究。结果表明：大气CO₂浓度升高促进了稻田甲烷氧化潜势和甲烷氧化菌丰度的增加;CO₂浓度升高还使得土壤中甲烷氧化菌的群落结构发生了显著变化,其优势菌从Ⅱ型菌转变为Ⅰ型菌。CO₂浓度升高所致的土壤中甲烷、氧气浓度以及氮素水平等的改变很可能对稻田甲烷氧化过程产生了重要影响。综合本研究发现,稻田甲烷氧化过程对大气CO₂     

冬瓜施用不同缓释(控释)肥料的产量和质量效应

采用田间小区试验和应用示范相结合,研究了3种天然植物素等材料包膜缓释肥和2种高分子材料包膜控释肥对冬瓜产量和质量的影响。2年试验结果表明,在相等氮磷钾施用量条件下,缓释肥1号的增产效应显著优于其它处理,平均较常规分次施肥增产15.6%;而且,缓释肥1号处理还显著提高或趋于提高冬瓜的干物率、维生素C和可溶糖等质量指标。3个示范结果表明,缓释肥1号与常规分次施肥比较,平均增产7.61%,分别减少氮磷钾养分用量6.73%,71.1%和46.0%,降低用肥成本40.0%。     

缓控释肥料的研究现状与展望

在前人有关缓控释肥料文献的基础上,介绍了缓控释肥料的概念、缓效途径和研究发展情况,重点阐述了缓控释氮肥的分类、控释机制和评价方法;并展望了控释肥料的研究方向。     

缓控释肥料的研究进展

综述了缓控释肥料的分类、性质及应用等方面的研究进展.     

不同造粒工艺的肥芯-包膜微结构特征与缓/控释性能的研究

【目的】从控释肥的肥芯研究及评价入手，提高产品控释性能。【方法】应用扫描电镜对4种不同造粒工艺的肥芯及其包膜缓/控释肥的膜结构特征进行分析，并结合2种肥芯的包膜缓/控释肥氮素淋溶特性分析了不同造粒工艺对缓/控释性能的影响。【结果】油冷复肥颗粒外表面最光滑，转鼓复肥颗粒外表面最粗糙且多孔，高塔复肥和圆盘复肥颗粒外表面居中；油冷复肥核芯紧实度最优，转鼓复肥紧实度最差，高塔复肥和圆盘复肥核芯紧实度居中；油冷芯肥的膜-芯接触最紧实，转鼓芯肥的膜-芯有明显空隙，而高塔芯肥和圆盘芯肥则居中。土柱淋溶试验表明，油冷核心缓/控释肥的氮累积溶出率远低于转鼓核芯缓/控释肥。【结论】产品控释性能与其膜-芯结构的差异有密切关系，本论文研究和发现了控释肥肥芯对控释肥养分控释效果改善的贡献。     

Lignin based controlled release coatings

Urea is a commonly used fertilizer. Due to its high water-solubility, misuse easily leads to excess nitrogen levels in the soil. The aim of this research was to develop an economically feasible and biodegradable slow-release coating for urea. For this purpose, lignin was selected as coating material. From four commercially available lignins, two lignosulfonates (Wafex P and Borresperce), a softwood kraft (Indulin AT) and soda flax lignin (Bioplast), the latter showed the best potential with respect to film forming properties.Bioplast dispersions up to a dry matter content of 50% are processable. However, high losses during processing resulted in thin coating layers on the urea granules. To reduce urea release, hydrophobic compounds and crosslinkers were added to the Bioplast dispersions. Addition of alkenyl succinic anhydride (ASA) significantly decreased the release of urea in water. However, complete release of urea still occurred within one hour, which can be explained by a low reactivity of the selected compounds towards lignin, too low percentages of applied coating or negative effects of the selected compounds on the film forming process. In addition, urea partly dissolves in the aqueous lignin dispersions due to its high water-solubility. This causes incorporation of urea in the lignin layer, which results in coatings with a low water resistance. This was improved by application of an inner coating layer with high dry matter content.In conclusion, lignin shows high potential as coating material. For industrial application, more insight in the film forming properties is desired.     

水稻缓控释肥肥效试验研究

以水稻为试验材料,通过对缓控释肥、配方肥和习惯施肥进行比较试验,研究了缓控释肥的肥料效应。结果表明,缓控释肥不但能够提高水稻的结实率和千粒重,而且能提高肥料利用率、偏生产力农学效率,节本增收效果显著。