日粮添加不同水平蛋氨酸硒对肉牛营养物质代谢的影响

选用4头安装永久瘤胃瘘管的西门塔尔阉牛(体重为420kg、年龄2.5岁),采用4×4拉丁方设计,以混合精料和风干玉米秸秆作为基础日粮,研究1.3倍维持需要水平下,日粮添加不同水平蛋氨酸硒(0、0.3、0.6、0.9mg/kg,以干物质为基础)对营养物质代谢的影响。结果表明:0.3和0.6mg/kg组日粮OM、CP、EE、NFE、NDF、ADF表观消化率显著高于对照组(P<0.05);0.6和0.9mg/kg组DN、RN和RN/DN显著高于对照组(P<0.05);0.6mg/kg组与对照组相比Se、Ca、P、Cu、Fe、Mn的存留率显著提高,Zn、Mo和S的存留率无显著差异;0.6mg/kg组血清TG、GLU、ALB、TP、ALT、AST、SOD、GSH-px、GSH均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);0.6mg/kg组血清Se、Cu含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。     

西门塔尔牛、和牛与荷斯坦牛杂种优势预测及实际杂交效果分析

旨在利用覆盖全基因组和性状的特异性SNPs标记预测和牛、西门塔尔牛与荷斯坦牛杂种优势,为牛杂种优势利用和选种选配提供参考依据。本研究分别利用牛Illumina Bovine HD 770 K和GGP Bovine 100 K芯片对464头和牛、1 222头西门塔尔牛和43头荷斯坦牛3个亲本群体进行基因型分型,并通过牛QTLs数据库筛选与目的性状对应的QTLs,对比牛参考基因组映射得到与初生重、周岁重、胴体重性状相关的特异性SNPs;然后构建覆盖全基因组和性状特异性SNPs两种标记状态同源矩阵,通过计算杂交组合亲本间的遗传距离来预测品种间杂种优势,并利用配合力分析验证较优组合的实际杂交效果。结果表明,基于全基因组和性状特异性SNPs计算的各杂交组合遗传距离差异不显著。在全基因组水平上,西门塔尔牛♂×荷斯坦牛♀（S×H）与和牛♂×荷斯坦牛♀（W×H）亲本间杂交组合遗传距离分别为0.346 1和0.338 9;在初生重、周岁重和胴体重性状上,S×H亲本间遗传距离分别为0.343 1、0.348 7和0.336 7,而W×H遗传距离分别为0.337 6、0.340 7和0.329 2;两种SNPs标记计算的遗传距离均为S×H较大,W×H次之。因此,在初生重、周岁重、胴体重性状上,S×H为较优杂交组合。通过分析德系西门塔尔牛♂×荷斯坦牛♀实际杂交群体的配合力,发现10个父系在初生重性状上一般配合力和特殊配合力均为正效应,最高效应值分别达到3.760 9和8.931 2。西门塔尔牛与荷斯坦牛杂交可在初生重、周岁重和胴体重获得较高的杂种优势。     

蛋氨酸硒对牛营养物质代谢和生化指标的影响

选用16头体重420kg、年龄2.5岁西门塔尔牛阉牛,采用随机区组设计分为4组,以蛋氨酸硒为硒源,在基础日粮中分别添加硒0、0.3、0.6和0.9mg/kg,研究蛋氨酸硒对西门塔尔牛营养物质消化代谢和理化指标的影响。结果表明,0.3和0.6mg/kg组日粮的有机物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维消化率显著高于对照(P<0.05);0.6和0.9mg/kg组的消化氮、沉积氮和氮利用率显著高于对照(P<0.05);0.6mg/kg组的硒、钙、磷、锰、铜、钼的存留率显著提高(P<0.05),锌和硫的存留率无显著差异;0.6mg/kg组的血清甘油三酯、血糖、白蛋白、总蛋白、GPT、GOT、GSH-px和GSH均显著高于对照(P<0.05)。0.6和0.9mg/kg组丙二醛含量显著低于对照(P<0.05);0.6mg/kg组血清硒含量显著高于对照(P<0.05)。日粮加硒0.6mg/kg显著改善日粮营养物质消化代谢,提高了机体抗氧化能力,建议以蛋氨酸硒为硒源时日粮加硒0.60mg/kg。     

Evaluation of vitamin A status on myogenic gene expression and muscle fiber characteristics

A randomized complete block design experiment with 30 yearling crossbred steers (average BW = 436.3 ± 39.8 kg) fed a steam-flaked corn-based diet was used to evaluate the effects dietary vitamin A (Rovimix A 1000; DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Sisseln, SUI) supplementation on myogenic gene expression and skeletal muscle fiber characteristics during the finishing phase. Steers were blocked by BW (n = 5 blocks; 6 steers/block), randomly assigned to pens (n = 2 steers/pen), and one of the following treatments: no added vitamin A (0 IU; 0.0 IU/kg of dietary dry matter intake of additional vitamin A), vitamin A supplemented at the estimated requirement (2,200 IU; 2,200 IU/kg of dietary dry matter (DM) of additional vitamin A), and vitamin A supplemented at 5× the estimated requirement (11,000 IU; 11,000 IU/kg of dietary DM of additional vitamin A). After all treatments underwent a 91-d vitamin A depletion period, additional vitamin A was top-dressed at feeding via a ground corn carrier. Blood, longissimus muscle, and liver biopsy samples were obtained on days 0, 28, 56, 84, and 112. Biopsy samples were used for immunohistochemical and mRNA analysis. Sera and liver samples were used to monitor circulating vitamin A and true vitamin A status of the cattle. Expression for myosin heavy chain (MHC)-I diminished and rebounded (P = 0.04) over time. The intermediate fiber type, MHC-IIA, had a similar pattern of expression (P = 0.01) to that of MHC-I. On day 84, C/EBPβ expression was also the greatest (P = 0.03). The pattern of PPARγ (P < 0.01) and PPARδ (P < 0.01) expression seemed to mimic that of MHC-I expression, increasing from days 84 to 112. Distribution of MHC-IIA demonstrated a change over time (P = 0.02). Muscle fiber cross-sectional area increased by day (P < 0.01) for each MHC with the notable increase between days 0 and 56. Total nuclei density decreased (P = 0.02) over time. Cells positive for only Myf5 increased (P < 0.01) in density early in the feeding period, then declined, indicating that satellite cells were fusing into fibers. The dual-positive (PAX7+Myf5) nuclei also peaked (P < 0.01) around day 56 then declined. These data indicated that gene expression associated with oxidative proteins may be independent of vitamin A status in yearling cattle.     

西门塔尔牛改良烟台本地黄牛的效果调查

本文介绍了烟台市利用西门塔尔牛杂交改良本地黄牛的效果。结果表明：西杂牛生长发育快，体型外貌改善，生产性能提高，适应性好，并取得较好的社会、经济和生态效益。     

The relationship between plasma leptin concentrations and the distribution of body fat in crossbred steers

The objective of the present study was to examine the relationship between plasma leptin levels and fat distribution in crossbred steers. Twenty-four crossbred steers (Japanese Black × Holstein) were used in this study. Six steers belonged to the growing phase (11 months of age), and 18 steers to the finishing phase (from 21 to 28 months of age). Plasma leptin levels correlated positively with body fat weight ( r  = 0.807, P  < 0.01), body fat percentage ( r  = 0.802, P  < 0.01), visceral fat weight ( r  = 0.807, P  < 0.01), visceral fat percentage ( r  = 0.780, P  < 0.01), subcutaneous fat weight ( r  = 0.745, P  < 0.01), subcutaneous fat percentage ( r  = 0.734, P  < 0.01), intermuscular fat weight ( r  = 0.793, P  < 0.01), intermuscular fat percentage (0.775, P  < 0.01), renal fat weight ( r  = 0.694, P  < 0.01), renal fat percentage ( r  = 0.642, P  < 0.01), subcutaneous fat thickness ( r  = 0.755, P  < 0.01), intermuscular fat thickness ( r  = 0.721, P  < 0.01), beef marbling score ( r  = 0.706, P  < 0.01) and the crude fat content of Musculus longissimus thoracis ( r  = 0.592, P  < 0.01). The location of fat deposits did not affect the correlation values. However, when steers were divided into growing ( n  = 6) and finishing ( n  = 18) groups, there was no significant correlation between plasma leptin levels and the carcass characteristics related to fat deposition (fat weight, fat percentage, carcass traits) in either group. These results suggest that plasma leptin levels in crossbred steers positively correlate with body fat content and carcass traits when these parameters vary widely.     

基于16S rRNA高通量测序技术分析中国西门塔尔牛瘤胃微生物多样性和功能预测的研究

为系统探讨中国西门塔尔牛瘤胃内的微生物多样性及其功能,本试验利用16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术检测分析西门塔尔牛(20月龄,平均体重约为550 kg)瘤胃液样本菌群结构并进行PICRUSt功能预测。结果显示,两组样本通过Illumina Miseq测序平台共获得66 712条优质序列,聚类分析得到1 797个操作分类单元(OTU),经分类学鉴定分属13个门20个纲22个目33个科及59个属;厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)为优势菌群,所占比例分别为62.46%和22.45%;基于属的组成,依次为粪杆菌真核菌群([Eubacterium]_coprostanoligenes_group,9.16%)、瘤胃球菌属_2 (Ruminococcus_2,7.90%)、未知属f型拟杆菌目RF16菌群(norank_f__Bacteroidales_RF16_group,6.23%)、未知属f型瘤胃菌科(norank_f__Ruminococcaceae,4.79%)、理研菌科_RC9菌群(Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group,4.72%)、未知属f型拟杆菌目BS11菌群(norank_f_Bacteroidales_BS11_gut_group,4.49%)、瘤胃球菌属_1(Ruminococcus_1,4.43%)等;16S rRNA基因组的PICRUSt功能预测发现,瘤胃菌群功能主要集中在碳水化合物转运及代谢上,可能含有大量的纤维素和木质素降解酶基因。综上,基于16S rRNA基因的高通量测序技术全面揭示了西门塔尔牛瘤胃菌群的多样性,并预测其含有丰富的蛋白质分解、木质纤维素降解酶系,为探索西门塔尔牛瘤胃微生物奠定基础,也为进一步挖掘与某些重要营养生理功能密切相关的瘤胃微生物功能基因提供参考。     

苎麻青贮及不同粗蛋白质水平精料补充料对西门塔尔牛生长性能和血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究苎麻青贮饲料品质及以苎麻青贮饲料为唯一粗饲料使用时,不同粗蛋白质（CP）水平精料补充料对西门塔尔牛生长性能和血清生化指标的影响。试验将苎麻与玉米秸秆按照质量比为1：1的比例混合均匀后打捆制成苎麻青贮饲料。选择年龄相近,体重为（324.83±30.27） kg的健康西门塔尔肉牛18头,随机分为3组,每组6头,1头牛为1个重复,分别饲喂CP含量为18.0%（高CP水平,试验Ⅰ组）、16.0%（中CP水平,试验Ⅱ组）和14.0%（低CP水平,试验Ⅲ组）的精料补充料。预试期10 d,正试期60 d。结果表明,苎麻与玉米秸秆混合青贮后,感官等级评定为1级优良,pH为4.24,氨态氮（NH₃-N）含量显著增加（P<0.05）,干物质（DM）、有机物（OM）、CP、中性洗涤纤维（NDF）、酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）、钙（Ca）和总磷（TP）含量均无显著差异（P>0.05）。饲养试验结果表明,试验Ⅰ组肉牛平均日增重（ADG）最高,达到1.49 kg/d,试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组ADG与试验Ⅰ组相比分别降低了14.09%和11.41%（P>0.05）。3个试验组的干物质采食量（DMI）和料重比（F/G）均无显著差异（P>0.05）。不同CP水平精料补充料对西门塔尔牛血清中碱性磷酸酶（ALP）、天门冬氨酸转移酶（AST）、ALT/AST、总蛋白（TP）、白蛋白（ALB）、球蛋白（GLB）、白球比（A/G）、总胆固醇（TCHO）、甘油三酯（TG）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL）和低密度脂蛋白（LDL）均无显著影响（P>0.05）,但是试验Ⅰ组血清丙氨酸转移酶（ALT）活性显著高于试验Ⅲ组（P<0.05）,但与试验Ⅱ组无显著差异（P>0.05）。综上,苎麻的营养水平较高,和玉米秸秆混合后青贮可得到品质较好的苎麻青贮饲料;将苎麻青贮饲料作为肉牛唯一粗饲料来源,高CP含量（18%）的精料补充料可提高肉牛的生长性能。     

产酶益生素对西门塔尔牛瘤胃液pH及氨态氮浓度的影响

试验选用4头体重(500±20)kg,年龄3.5岁,装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的西门塔尔牛阉牛,采用4×4拉丁方设计,以混合精料和风干玉米秸秆为基础日粮,研究日粮中添加产酶益生素(0、10、20 g/d和30 g/d)对瘤胃液pH及氨态氮浓度的影响。结果表明:日粮添加产酶益生素后,瘤胃pH在采食后3、6 h以及平均值随着添加量的增加有提高的趋势,但差异不显著(P>0.05);20 g/d组和30 g/d组瘤胃液氨态氮浓度显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。以上结果表明,产酶益生素的适宜添加水平为20 g/d。     

西杂哺乳犊牛补饲方法试验报告

本研究选用４４头１０日龄西杂二代犊牛，随机分成试验组和对照组，试验组定时定量补饲饲配合饲料，且喂以干麦草和混合料，研究犊牛增重效果。结果表明，在补饲人，试验组和对照组的平均日增重分别为８３８和４８７ｇ；头均补饲草料量无显著差异；头均盈利分别为７８８和４７６元。试验组件和出栏时间比对照组提前增年至一年。西杂占在哺乳期积累补饲培育，具有良好的增重效果和明显的经济效益。