富硒酵母对斑点叉尾鮰肝脏的毒性作用及蛋白质组学的影响

实验探讨了富硒酵母对斑点叉尾鮰肝脏的毒性作用及蛋白质组学的影响,结果表明,饲养56 d后正常组和有机硒组采用原子荧光法检测硒含量均值为0.15和0.81 mg/kg。H.E染色显示有机硒组肝细胞有明显的疏松化,部分发生脂肪变。通过二维凝胶电泳结合ImageMaster软件分析,鉴定出8个表达差异蛋白质点,其中3个在有机硒组表达上调,5个在有机硒组特异表达,经液相色谱串联质谱分析鉴定,这些蛋白质分别是伴侣蛋白TCP1-亚基8、甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶、4SNcTudor蛋白、腺苷激酶、酮糖移转酶、丙氨酰-tRNA合成酶。富硒酵母饲料对斑点叉尾鮰肝具有明显的毒性效应,有机硒调控4SNc-Tudor蛋白,通过信号传导通道加强机体免疫。     

Edwardsiella tarda infection in Korean catfish,Silurus asotus,in a Korean fish farm

Mass mortality of Korean catfish, Silurus asotus, occurred in a culture farm situated in Jeollabukdo Province, Korea. The cumulative mortality rates reached up to 5% of the total fish in the farm per day. In clinical signs, the affected fish showed abdominal distension, vent protrusion, enteritis, liver congestion and abscess‐like lesions in enlarged spleen and kidney. Histopathologically, in the liver, hepatocytes lost fat and underwent atrophy or necrosis. The spleen showed necrotized splenocytes and a haemorrhagic pulp. In the kidney, glomerular destruction, degeneration of renal tubular epithelial cell and haemorrhage were observed. However, necrotic muscular lesions were not observed. A pure bacterial isolate was obtained from the liver, spleen and kidney lesions of affected fish. Experimental infection of normal catfish with the isolate resulted in the development of clinical signs similar to those seen on the farm. The isolates were identified as Edwardsiella tarda through biochemical tests (99.4%) and analysis of bacterial genes (16S rDNA) sequences (98%). The bacteria possessed two virulent genes: sodB and katB genes. These results suggest that E. tarda can act as a pathogen of farmed catfish. This is the first report showing that E. tarda caused mortality in cultured Korean catfish.     

Initial influence of fertilizer nitrogen types on water quality

Using different sources of nitrogen as fertilizers in nursery ponds may affect water quality and plankton responses. We evaluated water quality variables and plankton population responses when using different nitrogen sources for catfish nursery pond fertilization. We compared calcium nitrate (12% N), sodium nitrite (20% N), ammonium chloride (26% N), ammonium nitrate (34% N) and urea (45% N) in 190‐L microcosms at equimolar nitrogen application rates. Sodium nitrite‐fertilized microcosms had higher nitrite and nitrate levels during the first week; no other differences in the water quality were detected among fertilizer types (P>0.05). No differences in green algae, diatoms or cyanobacteria were detected among treatments; desirable zooplankton for catfish culture was increased in urea‐fertilized microcosms. Based on these results, any form of nitrogen used for pond fertilization should perform similarly without causing substantial water quality deterioration. Ammonium nitrate and urea contain a higher percentage of nitrogen, requiring less volume to achieve dosing levels. If both urea and ammonium nitrate are available, we recommend using the one with the least cost per unit of nitrogen. If both types of fertilizer have an equal cost per unit of nitrogen, we recommend using urea because of the potential advantage of increasing desirable zooplankton concentrations.     

Channel catfish,Ictalurus punctatus,nutrition in the United States: A historical perspective

Although a concerted effort in catfish nutrition research in the United States did not begin until the late 1950s/early 1960s, the genesis of both the catfish industry and catfish nutrition research is rooted in studies conducted early in the 20th century. Thus, a historical view delineating the progression of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, nutrition from 1900 to the present is given. Notable nutrition research programs, as well as significant events and accomplishments, will be examined.     

Formation of Biogenic Amines and Associated Biochemical and Microbial Attributes of Whole Sutchi Catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) during Iced Storage

Sutchi catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) is a highly preferred farmed species that is produced in huge quantities. Meat from ice-stored (4 ± 2°C) whole Sutchi catfish was evaluated for formation of biogenic amines, such as putrescine, cadaverine, histamine (HIM), agmatine, tyramine, spermine, and spermidine, and compared with biochemical, microbial, and sensory attributes during 22 days. Analysis of content of biogenic amines in the meat was carried out by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry using a without derivatization method. Three amines, namely, tyramine, spermidine, and spermine, were only present on 0^th day of storage. Presence of cadaverine was noticed from 9^th day onwards, where the aerobic plate count (APC) reached 4.85 log CFU/g. Putrescine was detected on the 22^nd day of storage, where the APC crossed 7 log CFU/g. HIM was detected in lower quantities from 3^rd day onwards. A shelf life of 15 days was determined based on sensory and microbiological evaluation. Although the samples were biochemically acceptable throughout the storage period, APC exceeded the limit on day 19, and the gradual increase of H₂S-producing bacteria, Brochothrix thermosphacta, Aeromonas, and Enterobacteriaceae, was observed during storage.     

Impact of Wall Material on the Physiochemical Properties and Oxidative Stability of Microencapsulated Spray Dried Silver Carp Oil

This study aimed to microencapsulate silver carp oil by spray drying with different combinations of wall materials (gum Arabic, modified starch Hi-cap, maltodextrin, and inulin) and evaluate the effects of these combinations on the physiochemical and oxidative stability of the microcapsules. Feed emulsions were also investigated prior to spray drying. Modified starch-based microcapsules had higher encapsulation efficiency (91.22-92.78%) and yield (87.41-92.15%), excellent solubility (91.85-93.67%), good particle size (301.20-407.73 d.nm), color, and powder morphology. The presence of inulin reduced agglomeration in powders. All the powders exhibited good protection against lipid oxidation during 2 months of storage, whereas the modified starch and inulin combination provided the best stability.     

黄颡鱼鲇爱德华氏菌的分离鉴定及其致病性研究

从患头顶溃疡症的黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)内脏组织中分离出致病力强的菌株JZ086,对该菌进行了形态学、生理生化特性的测定,并进行了Biolog全自动微生物分析系统及16S rDNA序列鉴定。结果显示:人工感染实验证实该菌为黄颡鱼的病原菌,其半数致死量(LD50)为1.7×105CFU。Biolog全自动微生物分析系统鉴定结果显示该菌为鲇爱德华氏菌(Edwardsiella ictaluri)。16S rDNA序列分析显示该菌与鲇爱德华氏菌的亲缘关系最近,同源性高达99%;系统进化树中与鲇爱德华氏菌(AB050826)自然聚为一支,二者遗传距离约为0.002。鉴定结果确认JZ086为鲇爱德华氏菌。药物敏感性试验结果显示,该菌对所测试的15种药物都敏感,其中对氨苄西林、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、妥布霉素等尤其敏感。     

网箱养殖条件下呋喃西林代谢物SEM在斑点叉尾鮰体内组织分布及消除规律研究

采用高效液相色谱串联质谱(HPLC-ESI/MS/MS)法分析呋喃西林主要代谢物氨基脲(SEM)在斑点叉尾鮰体内的组织分布与消除规律.结果表明:在停药1 h后,血液和肾脏中的SEM浓度达最大值,分别为(37.5±7.45)ng·mL-1和(383.3±89.20)μg·kg-1;在停药2 h后,肌肉、皮肤、肝脏中的SEM达到最大值,其浓度分别为(33.3±8.25)、(168.2±43.47)和(105.0±48.40)μg·kg-1;在480 h时,肌肉中的SEM浓度是其残留判定值(1μg·kg-1)的1.1倍;在1080 h时,血液、皮肤、肝脏和肾脏中的SEM分别是其残留判定值(1μg·kg-1)的1.17倍、8.75倍、1.0倍和5.47倍;在1440 h(60 d)时,血液、肌肉和皮肤中的SEM平均浓度分别为(0.57±0.25)ng·mL-1、(0.28±0.03)和(0.83±0.24)μg·kg-1,而在肝脏和肾脏中,未检测出SEM;在2160 h(90 d)时,血液和各组织中均未检测出SEM.SEM在血液和各组织中消除半衰期T1/2为血液(11.11 d)>皮肤(9.02 d)>肌肉(8.25 d)>肾脏(7.40 d)>肝脏(6.71 d).皮肤中SEM浓度高于肌肉组织,而且残留时间长.整个实验期间平均水温为28℃,在斑点叉尾鮰苗种各组织中,消除SEM至少需要2520℃.d.     

The Economic Impact of the Catfish,Ictalurus punctatus,Industry on Chicot County,Arkansas

Abstract

This study analyzed the contribution of the catfish industry to the economy of Chicot County, Arkansas, using an input-output model. The objective was to quantify the economic contribution of the industry in terms of creating new dollars, jobs, and income to the local community. Mail surveys and personal interviews were used to collect data from catfish farmers, processors and other businesses related to the catfish industry. For farmers, the information solicited included production and marketing costs, sales and employment. Out of approximately 85 questionnaires administered to catfish farms, 44 usable questionnaires were obtained for a response rate of 52%. Businesses directly related to the catfish industry provided information on employment and sales and included: processors, seiners and haulers, pond builders, tractor and equipment dealers, and feed bin manufacturers. Other businesses with indirect ties to the catfish industry included: input supply companies, banks, fertilizer and chemical companies, auto shops, electricians, and bookkeeping firms. The survey data were used to modify the IMPLAN database for Chicot County to reflect the 2001 level of catfish production, processing and services available to support the industry. This database was then used to estimate the economic impact of the industry to the county's economy. In 2001, the 85 catfish farmers in the county operated about 7,859 ha (19,500 acres). The farm-gate value of catfish production exceeded $63 million. Employment on catfish farms was approximately 510. In addition, 59 other businesses depended on the catfish industry. Results indicated that total employment created in Chicot County by businesses directly or indirectly involved with the catfish industry was 2,665 jobs. This represented 48% of all employment in Chicot County. Total tax revenue (federal, state, and local taxes) generated from both direct and indirect catfish businesses was $22 million. Combined, the total economic impact of the catfish industry in Chicot County, including direct, indirect and induced effects, was over $384 million. The output multiplier calculated for live catfish production was 6.05. Thus, each $1 of earnings by catfish farms generated $6.05 total economic activity in the Chicot County economy. If current economic difficulties should result in contractions in catfish acreage in Chicot County by 10%, unemployment rates would increase by 2%. This study demonstrates the importance of the catfish industry to the economy of Chicot County.     

硝酸银对迷你桔瓜性别分化及坐果性的影响研究

[目的]探索利用硝酸银喷叶处理幼苗的方式解决迷你桔瓜春季栽培时存在雌花数较多且先于雄花开放的阶段性雌雄不配套问题,为生产上促进迷你桔瓜提早上市并增加产量提供理论依据。[方法]在迷你桔瓜幼苗生长的不同时期进行不同浓度的硝酸银喷叶处理,对各处理桔瓜性别分化情况和坐果性进行统计分析。[结果]利用硝酸银喷叶处理桔瓜幼苗可以促进雄花提早分化,增加雄花数量,使雌雄比降低;促进及早坐瓜,使第1坐果节位降低,提高单株坐果数;处理的最佳浓度为200 mg/L,处理的最佳时期为4叶1心期。[结论]硝酸银喷叶处理幼苗可以解决迷你桔瓜春季栽培时存在雌花数较多且先于雄花开放的问题,能促进迷你桔瓜提早上市并增加产量。