葡萄核心种质的构建

【目的】在已建立的葡萄初级核心种质的基础上,利用SSR分子标记技术构建葡萄核心种质。【方法】利用M策略（Core Finder和Power Core）、遗传距离法（least distance stepwise sampling,LDSS和genetic distance optimization,GDOPT）和Core Hunter法构建核心种质, 并对He、Ho和 I值等遗传多样性指数和方差差异百分率（VD%）、均值差异百分率（MD%）、极差符合率（CR%）和变异系数变化率（VR%）等表型指标进行统计检验,同时采用SSR和SRAP分子标记的主坐标分析对其进行确认。【结果】M策略构建的核心种质能保留初级核心种质全部的等位基因,遗传距离法抽取的核心种质对原始种质具有较好的代表性。为使所构建的核心种质具有最大的遗传距离和最大的遗传多样性,对M策略、遗传距离法和Core Hunter法构建的核心种质进行了合并,48份葡萄核心种质以最少的种质材料保留了初级核心种质96.21%的等位基因,以5.53%的取样比例代表了原始整体种质92.90%的遗传多样性。【结论】经分子和表型检验,所构建的核心种质具有较好的代表性和遗传多样性。同时本研究所采用的方法对其它作物核心种质的构建具有重要的参考价值。     

双斑长跗萤叶甲越冬卵在玉米田的空间分布型

为明确双斑长跗萤叶甲越冬卵的空间分布型,2011年10月采用分层随机抽样法在山西省晋中市的玉米田对土壤中的越冬卵进行调查。通过频次分布检验、聚集度指标的测定、改进的Iwao m^*-m回归分析法和Taylor幂法则对越冬卵在土壤中的空间分布型进行了分析,并对聚集均数(λ)进行检验,分析越冬卵聚集的原因。结果表明:双斑长跗萤叶甲越冬卵在土壤中的理论分布型符合负二项分布,各项聚集度指标均满足C>1、C_A>0、I> 0、k>0、m^*/m>1,空间分布图式在低密度下为聚集分布,基本成分为单个个体,个体间相互排斥。基本成分的相对聚集度随越冬卵种群密度而变化的速率为3.52m-15.61。种群密度越大,相对聚集度的变化速率也越大,而且聚集的程度随着卵密度的增大而增高。聚集均数(λ)的测定表明,聚集是成虫的产卵习性和田间植被的生长情况、土壤性质、温湿度等环境因子综合作用的结果。双斑长跗萤叶甲成虫主要在近土表的土壤中产卵,在距土表15 cm以上的土壤中,有94.2%的越冬卵分布在距土表0-10 cm的土层中,其中以距土表2-5 cm的土层中的卵量最多,平均每个样点有卵25.56粒,占总数的64.7%,显著高于其他深度土层的卵量。     

数字存储示波器特性及其应用

数字存储示波器是采用数字电路进行模/数转换，并通过存储器实现对触发前信号的记忆功能的一种具备存储功能新型示波器；此文尝试在分析数字存储示波器的原理和特性的基础上，对其在工程应用中应注意的问题进行分析。     

甜菜地下害虫抽样调查方法

综述了甜菜地下害虫抽样调查方法。     

Transect relascope sampling for assessing coarse woody debris: The case of a π/2 relascope angle

In transect relascope sampling, a wide‐angle relascope is used along survey lines for selecting a sample of objects that extend linearly in the plane, e.g. downed logs. The method is closely related to line intersect (intercept) sampling. In this article, a special case of the transect relascope technique is studied. Using a π/2 radian relascope angle, the method becomes invariant to the orientation of the line objects in the population. The reason is that the area of inclusion around objects, through which a survey line should pass for an object to be included, turns out to be circular. In analytical studies and Monte Carlo simulations, the cost‐efficiency of transect relascope and line intersect sampling is evaluated. It is found that transect relascope sampling is a competitive alternative to line intersect sampling in inventories of the total volume of coarse woody debris (in the form of downed logs) in forest compartments.     

Needle Collection Time for Nutrient Evaluation in Christmas Tree Production

Christmas tree needle sampling to evaluate nutrient need is an established practice. Data to support the recommended fall sampling time in Oregon and Washington were not found. In addition, the recommendation for needle sampling of Fraser fir in North Carolina was made without data from winter months. The goal for this article is to affirm or modify recommended needle sampling time. Needles of Douglas fir, Turkish fir, Nordmann fir, Noble fir, Grand fir, and Fraser fir Christmas trees were collected monthly for a year, dried, and analyzed for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and boron (B). No single period was found for any species when needle nutrient concentration was stable for all elements determined. Needle collection time was chosen by integrating cultural practices, likelihood of nutrient deficiency, and needle nutrient concentration changes for species grown in an area. Needle collection is recommended during February in western Oregon and Washington. The current sampling time, fall, is logical for Fraser fir Christmas tree production in North Carolina.     

荔枝龟背天牛幼虫空间分布型研究

对荔龟背天牛幼虫于荔枝园中的空间分状况调查和分析，表明该虫的空间分布为负二项分布；空间图式是聚集型；分布的基本成分为疏松的个体群。聚集行为受环境因素（主要是荔枝品种）的影响，此外，利用分布型参数确定了龟背天牛的理论抽样数并建立了序贯抽样检定表。     

Potential of weed seedbanks for managing weeds: a review of recent New Zealand research

Weed seedbanks are the primary source of weeds in cultivated soils. Some knowledge of the weed seedbank may therefore be appropriate for integrated weed management programs. It would also be very useful in planning herbicide programs and reducing the total herbicide use. However, a number of problems are inherent in the estimation of the seedbank size for arable weeds that usually have annual life cycles. In a long-term research project we have investigated the dynamics of weed seedbanks in corn fields for the past 8 years. Specific studies have included (i) developing cheap and efficient methods for estimating the weed seedbank; (ii) developing guidelines for efficient soil sampling (including the number and size of samples); (iii) influence of cultivation methods on weed seed distribution; (iv) mapping the spatial variability of the seedbank; (v) estimating the rate of seedbank decline for certain weed species; and (vi) assessing the potential of using the weed seed content in the soil to predict future weed problems. This paper reviews and summarizes the results of our research on the above aspects. The strong correlation between seedlings emerged in the greenhouse and seeds extracted in the laboratory for the most abundant weed species has demonstrated the potential for using the weed seed content of the soil to predict future weed infestations. The next step is to establish correlations with field emergence under commercial conditions using the sampling guidelines developed in our studies. Subsequently, we aim to offer the weed seedbank estimation as a commercial service to farmers for planning the most appropriate weed management options.     

甘薯地土壤线虫群体分布规律及取样方法研究

在5年连作甘薯地,于甘薯移栽前和移栽后的不同时间,调查甘薯穴中和穴间、株间和行间以及各样点不同土层线虫的群体数量。分析明确了植物寄生线虫和非植物寄生线虫群体的水平分布和垂直分布规律,提出了研究和了解甘薯地土壤线虫发生动态的调查取样方法。