进口散装粮食取制样工作发展现状、存在问题及对策

取制样工作是进口粮食检验检疫的重要前提和基础。本文从检验检疫对制取样品的需求出发,系统分析了进口散装粮食取制样工作以人工操作为主的发展现状以及存在的重视程度不够、标准体系不完善、技术设备投入不足、工作效率低、样品代表性差、上下游发展不协同、影响公正执法等诸多问题,提出了通过加快自动化取制样系统的研究和应用等应对措施。     

Method of Constructing Core Collection for Malus sieversii in Xinjiang, China Using Molecular Markers

The method for constructing core collection ofMalus sieversii based on molecular marker data was proposed. According to 128 SSR allele of 109 M. sieversii, an allele preferred sampling strategy was used to construct M. sieversii core collection, using the UPGMA （unweighted pair-group average method） cluster method according to Nei ＆ Li, SM, and Jaccard genetic distances, by stepwise clustering, and compared with the random sampling strategy. The number of lost allele and t-test of Nei＇s gene diversity and Shannon＇s information index were used to evaluate the representative core collections. The results showed that compared with the random sampling strategy, allele preferred sampling strategy could construct more representative core collections. SM, difference for construction of M. sieversii core collection. Jaccard, and Nei ＆ Li genetic distances had no significant SRAP （sequence-related amplified polymorphism） data and morphological data showed that allele preferred sampling strategy was a good sampling strategy for constructing core collection of M. sieversii. Allele preferred sampling strategy combined with SM, Jaccard, and Nei ＆ Li genetic distances using stepwise clustering was the suitable method for constructing M. sieversii core collection.     

Improved Prediction and Reduction of Sampling Density for Soil Salinity by Different Geostatistical Methods

The spatial estimation for soil properties was improved and sampling intensities also decreased in terms of incorporated auxiliary data. In this study, kriging and two interpolation methods were proven well to estimate auxiliary variables： cokriging and regression-kriging, and using the salinity data from the first two stages as auxiliary variables, the methods both improved the interpolation of soil salinity in coastal saline land. The prediction accuracy of the three methods was observed under different sampling density of the target variable by comparison with another group of 80 validation sample points, from which the root-mean-square error （RMSE） and correlation coefficient （r） between the predicted and measured values were calculated. The results showed, with the help of auxiliary data, whatever the sample size of the target variable may be, cokriging and regression-kriging performed better than ordinary kriging. Moreover, regression-kriging produced on average more accurate predictions than cokriging. Compared with the kriging results, cokriging improved the estimations by reducing RMSE from 23.3 to 29% and increasing r from 16.6 to 25.5%, regression-kriging improved the estimations by reducing RMSE from 25 to 41.5% and increasing r from 16.8 to 27.2%. Therefore, regression-kriging shows promise for improved prediction for soil salinity and reduction of soil sampling intensity considerably while maintaining high prediction accuracy. Moreover, in regression-kriging, the regression model can have any form, such as generalized linear models, non-linear models or tree-based models, which provide a possibility to include more ancillary variables.     

谷物胚乳性状QTL区间作图的贝叶斯方法

将贝叶斯统计原理和胚乳性状的数量遗传模型相结合,以分离群体中各植株的分子标记基因型以及植株上若干粒种子胚乳性状的单粒观测值为数据模式,提出胚乳性状QTL区间作图的贝叶斯方法.该方法通过Gibbs以及Metropolis-Hastings抽样实现的马尔科夫链蒙特卡罗(MCMC)算法获得QTL效应和位置的估计.方法的有效性用染色体水平和基因组水平2套模拟方案进行验证,结果表明:贝叶斯方法能够准确地估计胚乳性状QTL的位置和效应,并同时区分2种显性效应.     

水稻纹枯病抽样技术

采用Iwao.m-x回归法和Southwood公共kc值法求得理论抽样数模型,从而导出在不同置信度、为害株率-x和允许误差d下的理论抽样数n和最适抽样单位.采用Iwao和Willson提出的序贯抽样法得到2个序贯抽样模型,进而获得纹枯病的Iwao-Willson复合序贯抽样法.经比较,结果表明该方法为最佳调查法,可大大减小调查误差.     

样点数对县域土壤养分空间变异特征评价的影响

以广东省阳西县测土配方施肥耕地地力调查数据为基础,应用地统计学和GIS空间分析技术,对耕层土壤pH、有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾进行空间插值质量研究。结果表明:(1)土壤养分变异系数的顺序为速效钾>速效磷>有机质>全氮>pH,插值误差随土壤养分空间变异系数增大而增加。(2)插值精度随着插值样点数的增加而不断提高,土壤养分的预测值与实测值的相关系数逐渐增加。采样密度相同时,土壤养分的标准均方根误差(NRMSE)值由大到小的变化顺序是速效钾>有效磷>全氮>有机质>pH值。(3)对阳西县土壤养分空间变异情况进行评价时,土壤pH值和全氮采样时应以30～60 hm2耕地为一个采样单元;土壤有机质采样时应以20～30 hm2耕地为一个采样单元;土壤有效磷和速效钾采样时应最大以20 hm2耕地为一个采样单元。     

甘薯茎线虫的扫描电镜制样方法

以甘薯茎线虫为材料,对取样、固定、干燥等制样方法进行比较研究.结果表明,以活线虫为研究试样,采用戊二醛 -锇酸双固定及临界点干燥法(或叔丁醇干燥法 )制样效果好,能获得良好的微形态结构,侧线数目清晰,虫体不皱缩,不变形.     

尼勒克县春小麦田杂草调查及防治策略

运用倒置“W”9点取样法对新疆尼勒克县春小麦田杂草调查结果表明:尼勒克县春小麦田杂草有15种,隶属11个科,其中豆科4种,菊科2种,禾本科、十字花科、旋花科、唇形花科、蓼科、藜科、木贼科、桑科、紫草科各1种。其中块茎香豌豆、野燕麦和苦苣菜几种杂草的相对多度分别为54.9%、52.3%和46%,为优势种群。根据其杂草分布特点,采取农业、物理机械及化学防治措施,能有效控制草害发生与危害。     

The Advance and Application of Sequential Extraction Procedure for Heavy Metals in Soil Environment

用连续提取法研究地球环境中重金属的存在形态在土壤化学、植物营养和环境科学中均具有重要意义,很多研究者对之进行了广泛深入的研究。针对以前提取程序分级较多,不便于操作的特点,近些年来,一些研究者更注重于研究简便,应用性强,又能提供有价值信息的重金属形态区分方法。笔者对此方法研究的新进展及其应用作了综述,并对以后的研究进行了展望。     

不同种植方式土地利用效率的定量评价

 【目的】针对目前土地当量比在间作应用中存在的问题，分析土地当量比概念的实质是评价不同种植方式的土地利用效率。【方法】采用理论分析与田间试验结果相结合的方法。【结果】在研究土地当量比内涵的基础上，结合实例进一步就应用土地当量比评价复种套作、间混作及轮作等不同种植方式的土地利用效率进行了深入探讨，明确了土地当量比是评价不同种植方式土地利用效率的客观指标。【结论】复种套作、间混作及轮作的土地当量比分别为1.68、1.38和1.21，三种不同的种植方式土地利用效率较单作分别提高68％、38％和21％。