Comparative analysis of ichthyoplankton sampling gear for early life stages of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma)

Comparative gear tows were conducted during the summers of 1987–1990 in the Gulf of Alaska. Efficiencies of four types of ichthyoplankton sampling gear were compared with respect to total catch and size distribution of larval fish. Fish were sampled using the bongo net (333 and 505 μm mesh), 1 m Tucker net, 3 m Tucker net and the Methot frame net. Results indicate that the bongo and the 1 m Tucker nets caught similar numbers and size distribution of fish. The larger 3 m Tucker and Method frame nets caught a larger size class of fish but a smaller total catch. Although there was a slightly significant diel difference in total catch detected in the smaller nets, no diel differences in size distribution of fish caught were detected for any of the nets.     

样本预处理方式对罗氏沼虾碳和氮稳定同位素比值检测的影响

为研究样本预处理方式对罗氏沼虾碳和氮稳定同位素比值检测的影响,分别选用3种保存温度(常温23℃/15 d、冷藏2℃/90 d、冷冻-18℃/360 d)、2种取样方式(虾仁取样、整虾取样),以新鲜沼虾样本为对照组,对比不同样本预处理方式对罗氏沼虾碳稳定同位素比值(δ¹³C)、氮稳定同位素比值(δ¹⁵N)、碳氮比(C/N)的影响。结果表明,不同保存温度和不同取样方式对罗氏沼虾δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N、C/N的影响明显。与对照组相比,常温保存条件下的δ¹⁵N偏移量最大(1.31‰~13.16‰,平均值为6.02‰),冷冻保存条件下的δ¹³C偏移量最大(2.34‰~2.84‰,平均值为2.57‰),室温保存条件下的C/N显著增加(P<0.05),冷藏和冷冻保存条件下的C/N显著减少(P<0.05)。不同取样方式对罗氏沼虾δ¹⁵N、δ¹³C的影响还取决于保存温度,在冷冻保存条件下,整虾取样的δ¹⁵N、δ¹³C显著高于虾仁取样,而在常温保存条件下,整虾取样的δ¹⁵N偏移量显著低于虾仁取样。因此,常温(23℃)和冷藏(2℃)条件不适合保存罗氏沼虾、冷冻(-18℃)保存罗氏沼虾的时间不宜超过60 d,建议新鲜沼虾采集后应立即干燥并开展碳和氮稳定同位素检测。本研究结果为水产品碳和氮稳定同位素比值检测的样本预处理方式提供了参考。     

沙坡头国家级自然保护区荒漠植被关键群落的最小面积与物种多样性

以处于腾格里沙漠东南缘的沙坡头国家级自然保护区干旱荒漠生态系统的植被关键群落为研究对象,采用“种-面积曲线”的方法确定关键群落最小面积,并在此基础上使用α多样性指数表征物种多样性.共选取4种饱和曲线模型进行拟合,研究结果表明对荒漠植被群落而言,S=c/（1 ＋ae-bA）和S=c-ae-bA模型具有更好的拟合优度和更高的准确性.当比例因子ρ取0.6、0.7、0.8时,群落最小面积分别为18 m2、24 m2、32 m2,可满足包括总群落的60％、70％、80％的植物种类的中等精度要求;当比例因子ρ取0.9时,群落最小面积为45 m2,可满足包括总群落的90％的植物种类的高等精度要求.该区域物种多样性并不十分复杂,灌木层的生态学地位极其显著,发挥着不可替代的作用,群落的稳定性和生态功能也主要由灌木层中的优势种决定.     

牛源犬新孢子虫IMP1基因的克隆与序列分析

[目的]为了解牛源犬新孢子虫IMP1基因生物学特性,分析牛源犬新孢子虫IMP1基因的克隆与序列。[方法]应用PCR技术扩增IMP1基因,将纯化的PCR产物和pMD18-T Simple Vector连接,构建pMD18-IMP1重组克隆质粒,进行PCR鉴定和酶切鉴定,将鉴定为阳性的质粒进行测序分析。[结果]PCR扩增犬新孢子虫IMP1基因大小为762 bp,克隆质粒经测序分析与GenBank（XM003879531.1）中IMP1基因的同源性为99.9%。[结论]该试验为犬新孢子虫IMP1基因的表达及后续研究奠定了基础。     

系统抽样调查在森林蓄积量测定中的应用

以江苏省农博园湿地松生态林区典型地段为调查研究对象,应用系统抽样的方法进行布点,样地测设及调查.运用CAD绘图软件对调查总体求算面积,运用一元材积表对调查结果进行汇总,并探讨了不同形状样地调查数据的抽样估计精度.结果表明：利用CAD绘图软件绘图并求算面积的方法较传统手工绘图的方法简便,准确.不同形状样地的调查数据的估计精度非常接近,考虑到方形样地测设较简单,因此,建议在森林的系统抽样调查中选用方形样地.     

不同区域视角下的农业社会化服务供求分析———基于新疆784户农户的抽样调查

农业社会化服务是现代农业发展的普遍要求.通过对新疆10个县(市)784个农户的实地调查,运用统计的数据分析了不同区域农户对社会化服务的供给和需求.结果表明:农户金融服务需求强烈,供给渠道单一;农户农资需要迫切,供需矛盾突出;技术服务供给能力不足,带动作用差;农业流通服务模式不规范,销售途径滞后.并提出加强资金投入力度、完善农资服务渠道、加大技术服务力度、完善农产品销售渠道等对策建议.     

Comparison of two methods of sub-sea sampling of the Guernsey ormer,Haliotis tuberculata L.

Abstract The ormer, Haliotis tuberculata L., is the only abalone species found on the coasts of western Europe, its northern most limit of distribution being the Channel Islands. Previous Guernsey ormer population studies were based upon a form of catch-per-unit-effort sampling where the unit of effort was one diver, searching the substrate for 5 min continuously. An ormer population survey was carried out in the waters around Guernsey, using this former method concurrent with an alternative system of sampling by area using 10 m² quadrats at randomly selected locations. The published results of a series of earlier surveys include a measure of ormer density m^-2 which, along with knowledge of the extent of suitable substrate, allows tentatively for absolute abundance to be estimated. This study demonstrates that an estimate obtained in this way may be unreliable. Statistical comparison of the population size structures derived from the two different sampling methods also showed considerable inconsistency. The implications of this for management of the Guernsey ormer stock are considered.     

Microbial respiration activities related to sequentially separated, particulate and water-soluble organic matter fractions from arable and forest topsoils

This study aimed to reveal differences in the relevance of particulate as well as water-soluble organic matter (OM) fractions from topsoils to the easily biodegradable soil organic matter (SOM). We selected eight paired sites with quite different soil types and soil properties. For each of these sites, we took samples from adjacent arable and forest topsoils. Physically uncomplexed, macro-, and micro-aggregate-occluded organic particle, as well as water-soluble OM fractions were sequentially separated by a combination of electrostatic attraction, ultrasonic treatment, density separation, sieving, and water extraction. The easily biodegradable SOM of the topsoil samples was determined by measuring microbial respiration during a short-term incubation experiment (OC_R). The organic carbon (OC) contents separated by i) the physically uncomplexed water-soluble OM, ii) the macro-, and iii) the micro-aggregate-occluded organic particle as well as water-soluble OM fractions were significantly correlated with OC_R. The correlation coefficients vary between 0.54 and 0.65 suggesting differences in the relevance of these OM fractions to the easily biodegradable SOM. The strongest correlation to OC_R was detected for the OC content separated by the physically uncomplexed water-soluble OM indicating the most distinct relation to the easily biodegradable SOM. This was found to be independent from land use or soil properties.     

Notes on the Bathypelagic Fauna of the Seas Around South Africa

The preliminary results of a study of the endemic giant tortoise population of Aldabra Atoll in the Indian Ocean (Geochehne gigantea Schweigger) are briefly described. Their number would appear to have increased dramatically since the turn of the century to their present level of some 141 000 individuals. Crude estimates of mortality and reproductive rates are also given.     

南美斑潜蝇幼虫空间分布与抽样技术研究

通过田间调查和计算 ,明确了南美斑潜蝇幼虫呈聚集分布 ,且以负二项分布为主 ,主要分布在植株的中下部。如果防治指标定为每百叶有虫 3 7头 ,则序贯抽样的累积幼虫数量界限 :T0 (N) =0 .3 7N± 0 .83 68N。田间随机取样以平行线和Z字形为好。