基于高通量测序的植物ceRNA分析策略和应用进展

microRNA (miRNA)是一类长度约19~24 nt的非编码单链小RNA,通过种子序列与靶基因的3'-UTR互补,降解靶基因或抑制其翻译,从而在转录后水平调控靶基因的表达。miRNA广泛存在植物基因组中,参与调控生长发育、细胞维持和分化、信号转导以及逆境胁迫应答等多个生物过程。竞争性内源RNA(ceRNA, competing endogenous RNA)是指具有相同mi RNA反应元件(MRE, miRNA response element)的RNA转录本,能够竞争性结合miRNA,解除其对靶基因的抑制,进而形成复杂的ceRNA调控网络。随着深度测序技术和生物信息学方法在植物学研究领域的广泛应用,植物ceRNA的鉴定速度不断提高。然而由于miRNA与ceRNA结合模式尚不明确以及调控网络的复杂性,植物ceRNA的研究仍处于起步阶段,经实验证实的ceRNA调控关系数量有限。本综述就植物ceRNA的生物信息学预测、实验验证及研究进展进行了全面的阐述。首先,总结了基于RNA-Seq的ceRNA分析流程和常用生物信息学资源。其次,从ceRNA表达特征、调控关系和生物功能三个方面介绍了当前常用的实验验证技术。最后,对近年来植物ceRNA领域国内外的重要进展进行了概述,并展望了今后植物ceRNA的研究前景和拟解决的科学问题,以期为深入了解ceRNA在植物中的调控机制提供参考方法和理论依据。     

牛羊多胎性状的分子遗传基础研究

本研究采用了RAPD、PCR RFLP、微卫星、PCR SSCP、序列分析等方法对2个牛品种(秦川牛和荷斯坦奶牛共60头)、6个中国固有绵羊品种(多胎品种小尾寒羊,双胎品种大尾寒羊,单胎品种兰州大尾羊、蒙古羊、同羊和哈萨克羊共197余只`进行了分子遗传基础研究,旨在寻找牛羊多胎性状合适的分子标记,为进一步对牛双胎基因、绵羊多胎基因的探索和高繁殖率牛羊的选育提供科学依据.     

鸡生长激素基因内含子4新等位基因的序列分析

试验以粤黄鸡矮脚黄系等不同肉鸡、蛋鸡品种（系）作为试验材料，对新发现的生长激素基因内含子4等位基因的PCR产物作纯化测序，研究多态性产生的机理及碱基变异情况。结果发现cGH内含子4长约1170bp，内含子4的A、B、C、D等位基因长分别为1170bp、1164bp、1168bp，它们之间存在不同程度的碱基差异，而第580碱基的突变（A→G）和第688碱基的突变（A→G）分别产生了MspⅠ酶切位点，是多态性形成的根本原因。“PCR产物双带”的形成是由于cGH基因内含子4其中一条链上第420－470位碱基全部缺失，不同等位基因间存在碱基缺失、插入和替换，测序结果与酶切后电泳结果相吻合。     

禽流感病毒KMI/99(H9N2)HA和NA基因的序列分析

研究分别以自行设计的一对简并引物和另一对普通引物，经RT－CR，一次性成功地扩增禽流感病毒A／Chicken/Guangxi/KMI/99(H9N2）HA全和基因cDNA和NA全长基因cDNA，并将它们克隆于pGEM-T Easy的T－T窗口，首次报道了该毒株的HA全基因和NA全基因核苷酸序列及推导的氨基酸序列，测序结果显示，该毒株的HA基因全长为1683bp，编码560个氨基酸。NA全长为1398bp，编码466个氨基酸残基。研究发现其HAI羧基端的分子特征是：R－S－S－R。从分子水平推论。A/Chicken/Guangxi/KMI/99(H9N2)属于非高致病力毒株。研究还发现NA蛋白于63－65位缺失了T、E、I三个氨基酸。     

伪狂犬病病毒闽A株gE基因表位抗原编码区的克隆与序列测定

用PCR方法以伪狂犬病病毒闽A株的基因组DNA为模板扩增到了gE基因表位抗原决定域的编码区段。PCR产物连接到pMD18-T载体后，转化大肠杆菌XL1－blue菌株，重组质粒经测序并与GenBank中已登录的gE基因序列比较，确证含有PRV闽A株gE基因的表位抗原编码区，此区段与PRV Rice株相应区段的DNA序列同源性为97．3％，氨基酸序列同源性为94．7％。     

马流感病毒(A/equine/Qinghai/1/94)核蛋白基因的序列测定及同源性分析

根据已发表的马流感病毒核蛋白基因序列，设计并合成一对特异性引物，经反转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）成功扩增出了我国马流感病毒（A/equine/Qinghai/1/94核蛋白基因。将该片段连接到PGEM-T-EASY载体并转化DH5α，提取阳性菌落的质粒径EcRo1酶切的PCR鉴定其大小为1.5kb左右，对其测序并进行分析发现，与A/Equine/Kentucky/2/86,A/Equine/Miami/1/63等关系较近，同源率为93.3%--93.4%，而与我国马流感吉林A/Equine/Jilin/1/89株关系较远，同源率仅为84.6%。     

Differential diagnosis of dog hookworms based on PCR-RFLP from the ITS region of their rDNA

Species of Ancylostoma infecting dogs and sometimes humans are sympatric in many parts of the world. The establishment of a specific molecular diagnostic tool is important, not only to refine information for epidemiological studies, but also to evaluate the efficacy of vaccine programmes and assist in the development of specific drug treatments. The ITS region from 20 specimens of A. braziliense, collected from three separate geographical areas of Brazil, and from 10 specimens of A. caninum, collected from the same area in Brazil were sequenced and analyzed. Alignment of sequences showed that this gene is highly conserved. The intraspecific polymorphism for both species was less then 1%, whereas the interspecific polymorphism was 6.2, 7.3 and 9.4% between A. ceylanicum and A. braziliense; A. caninum and A. ceylanicum and A. ceylanicum and A. braziliense, respectively. Among the three species it was 12.3%. This revealed the ITS region as highly conserved and consequently a good molecular marker for diagnostic studies. In this work, four restriction enzymes were used in a PCR-RFLP using the ITS region of rDNA, to establish a differential diagnosis which discriminates between three Ancylostoma species, A. braziliense, A. caninum and A. ceylanicum. The best pattern was given by the HinfI enzyme, which produced different fragment sizes for each of the three species. Furthermore, the diagnostic tool differentiates DNA extracted directly from faeces of Ancylostoma-infected dogs.     

Molecular cloning and characterization of cDNA encoding CD11b of cattle

CD18, the common β subunit of β₂-integrins, associates with four distinct chains to give rise to four different β₂-integrins: CD11a/CD18 (LFA-1), CD11b/CD18 (Mac-1), CD11c/CD18 (CR4), and CD11d/CD18. Previously, we and others showed that CD18 of LFA-1 serves as a receptor for Mannheimia haemolytica leukotoxin (Lkt). Level of expression of Mac-1 is higher than that of LFA-1 and other β₂-integrins on polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), which constitute the leukocyte subset most susceptible to Lkt. Hence, it is likely that CD18 of Mac-1 also mediates Lkt-induced cytolysis. Co-expression of CD11b and CD18 of cattle on Lkt-resistant cells is necessary to irrefutably demonstrate the role of Mac-1 in Lkt-induced cytolysis. This approach is hindered by lack of availability of complete sequence of cattle CD11b. Therefore, in this study, we cloned and sequenced the full length cDNA encoding cattle CD11b. The 3459 bp cDNA of cattle CD11b encodes a polypeptide of 1152 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of CD11b of cattle exhibits 75% identity to that of humans and chimpanzees, 74% identity to that of dogs, and 70% identity to that of mice and rats. Availability of cattle CD11b cDNA should facilitate the elucidation of Lkt-receptor interactions in cattle and other species.     

Characterization of VP2 gene of an Indian Bluetongue virus serotype 2 and its close phylogenetic relationship to the Taiwan isolate

In this study we present the first report on partial amplification, sequencing and phylogenetic relationship of VP2 of the Indian isolate BTV-2. A PCR product of 1135 bp was amplified, cloned and sequenced. About 1063 bp of partial VP2 gene (1792-2854 bp region) of the Indian isolate was subjected to sequence analysis with already published sequences available in the genome database. The percent similarity of 85.2 was observed with Taiwan isolate and 59% with other isolates of BTV-2. However, 46.2% similarity with Australian BTV-1 and no significant similarity were noted with other serotypes. In-silico analysis and restriction enzyme digestion confirmed the presence of conserved SalI site at 2380 bp position in both Indian and Taiwan isolates. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all BTV-2 isolates formed one distinct group in which BTV-2 Indian and Taiwan isolate is more closely related and further demonstrated that BTV’s of the same serotype from different geographical regions were closely related at nucleotide and amino acid level, respectively.     

扁桃PGIP基因的克隆及其序列分析

以晋扁一号扁桃(Prunus dulcis Miller.)基因组DNA为模板,用已登录的扁桃PGIP(多聚半乳糖醛酸酶抑制蛋白)基因保守序列设计引物进行PCR扩增,得到了6个PGIP基因片段并克隆到PBS-T载体中。根据测序结果分析,可利用其中的3个片断,分别命名为PdPGIP1(717bp),PdPGIP2(864bp)和PdPGIP3(796bp),与公共数据库中的序列相似性比较,其中PdPGIP2和PdPGIP3各包含2个外显子和1个内含子,内含子符合GT-AG规律。其核苷酸序列分别与Genbank中登录的3个扁桃以及桃(P.persica Linn.)、杏(P.armeniaca Linn.)、美洲李(P.americana Marsh.)、中国李(P.salicina Lindl.)、马哈利樱桃(P.mahaleb Linnaeus)、苦樱桃(P.emarginata Walp.)、梅(P.mume Sieb.)的mRNA、DNA序列显示出极高的同源性,基本都在90%以上,其中PdPGIP1、PdPGIP2、PdPGIP3与Genbank中登录的3个扁桃PGIP基因的同源性为92%～99%。对氨基酸序列保守性分析发现,含有多数植物PGIP抗病基因表达蛋白特有的亮氨酸重复序列。证明我们所克隆的目的片段为PGIP基因。