秦巴山区引种冬牧--70 黑麦试验初报

试验结果表明，冬牧－７０黑麦在南北气候过渡带的秦巴山区适应性良好，抗逆性强，在生长期内，可刈割４￣５次，产昔日一达６００００ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２，可作为提供冷季青绿饲草的优良草种大面积推广种植     

Survey of amylose content in Secale cereale, triticum monococcum, T. turgidum and T. tauschii

A standard method for determining apparent amylose content was modified for use with samples of 2–3 cereal seeds. Starch was extracted by soaking the seeds overnight in dilute ammonia solution, grinding in NaCl solution in a microfuge tube with an appropriate pestle and decanting the starch slurry. The starch was then washed successively in acetic acid, ethanol and acetone. The amylose content was determined by dispersing 5·0 mg of the starch in ethanol, adding NaOH solution, heating until a clear gel was formed, diluting, neutralising with citric acid, staining with iodine and reading in a spectrophotometer at 620 nm. The method provided a very strong correlation with a standard method for much larger samples. The apparent amylose content was determined for 1083 accessions of Triticum monococcum (einkorn), T. turgidum (emmer), T. tauschii and Secale cereale (rye). The 10 extreme accessions of each species were re-analysed a further three times and the two most extreme individual lines were selected for genetic studies. Apparent amylose content of T. monococcum ranged from 15 to 28%; that of T. turgidum, 19–31%; T. tauschii, 21–34%; and rye 12–28%. These ranges are considered sufficiently broad to allow amylose content to be further diversified through breeding.     

Gene Localization of Aspartate Aminotransferase and Endopeptidase Isozymes in Wheat and Rye Using Developmental and Organ-Specific Patterns

Wheat, rye and wheat-rye addition lines have been investigated regarding their developmental and organ-specific isozyme patterns of aspartate amino-transferase (AAT) and endopeptidase (EP). Evidence is given, that development-specific isozymes of AAT are encoded by chromosomes 3R and 4R of ‘Imperial’ rye which can be used as biochemical markers up to leaf age of 14 days. Organ-specific increase of intensity of bands for AAT in stems could be assigned to genes or alleles of chromosome 3A of ‘Chinese Spring’ wheat. For EP new markers were localized on chromosomes 4R and 6R of ‘Imperial’ rye showing variability. Utilization of these markers is possible at all developmental stages of the leaves. Mechanisms of gene regulation are discussed.     

Structure of the isozymes of the AAT-2 and AAT-3 systems of asparate aminotransferase in wheat,rye and triticale

Summary The electrophoretic isozyme phenotypes for the AAT-2 and AAT-3 regions of leaves of Triticum turgidum, T. aestivum, Secale cereale, x Triticosecale (hexaploid) and T. aestivum/ S. cereale 6R addition line are described. The phenotypes varied in distribution and relative intensity of the isozyme bands, which were densitometrically measured. The results are consistent with a hypothesis of the dimeric structure for the AAT-2 and AAT-3 systems.     

RAPD markers linked with restorer genes for the C-source of cytoplasmic male sterility in rye (Secale cereale L.)

The study was aimed at the identification of random amplified polymorphic DNA markers linked to genes controlling male sterility in rye with the C‐source of sterility‐inducing cytoplasm. Markers of male sterility were distinguished using bulk segregant analysis, carried out on the two F₂ crosses between male sterile and male fertile inbred lines. Screening of polymorphisms revealed by 1000 arbitrary 10‐mer primers allowed the detection of 10 markers in the cross between 711‐cmsC and DS2 lines and seven markers in the cross between 544‐cmsC and Ot0‐20 lines. Five markers were common for the two crosses, which allowed comparative mapping to be performed. Ten markers were mapped on the 4RL chromosome arm where two linked quantitative trait loci (QTL) for male sterility were discovered. Additional QTL of minor effect on male fertility were detected between the two linked markers provisionally assigned to the 6RS chromosome arm. The effectiveness of the marker‐assisted selection (MAS) for male‐sterile genotypes was evaluated.     

A comparison of several procedures for mass selection in winter rye I. The relative quality of the procedures

Summary The HS-family offspring from each of 463 plants occurring in a population of winter rye were grown in a randomized complete block design. According to 4 sets of requirements, 4 groups of HS-families were created. The HS-families belonging to a certain group were considered to be superior with regard to the specified requirements.Independently from this, selection among the 463 parental plants was simulated. The selection was according to 3 methods (truncation selection, grid selection and honeycomb selection) applied with regard to a single plant trait or with regard to two plant traits. Altogether 9 different single-trait and two-trait criteria were studied for each selection method.The quality of some selection procedure or the other, i.e. a combination of a selection method and a selection criterion, was measured on the basis of the frequency of plants giving rise to a superior HS-family among all plants selected by the procedure.It is concluded that grid selection and honeycomb selection are more effective than truncation selection. Further it is tentatively concluded that honeycomb selection is more reliable than grid selection.     

Chromosomal location of aluminium tolerance genes in rye

Rye is known for its high tolerance of aluminium in the soils in comparison with wheat and other cereals. To localize the major gene/ genes controlling aluminium tolerance on the rye chromosomes, four series of wheat‐rye addition lines, two sets of triticale D(R) substitution lines and several wheat/rye translocation lines were tested in experiments on seedlings grown in nutrient solutions with various concentrations of aluminium. The results indicate that the major locus responsible for Al tolerance in rye is located on the short arm of chromosome 3R. The importance of these results for controlled introgressions into cereals is discussed.     

Evaluation of aluminium tolerance in a spring rye collection by hydroponic screening

Aluminium (A1) tolerance of 63 rye accessions from a world spring rye collection was evaluated using the haematoxylin method and the root growth method. The haematoxylin method is based on the ability of A1‐tolerant seedlings to continue root growth following a short pulse treatment with a high Al concentration, while the root growth method uses the root growth and root tolerance index to judge A1 tolerance. Significantly higher levels of A1 tolerance were found in rye than in the A1‐tolerant bread wheat cultivar ‘Maringa’. Under the assumption that the ability of roots to grow under A1 stress is a combination of root vigour (long roots) and A1 tolerance, a hypothesis allowing for the differentiation of five genotype classes was suggested. This study demonstrated that the haematoxylin method and the root growth parameter identify genotypes with long root growth under A1 stress, but failed to detect A1 tolerance in genotypes with poor root vigour. These genotypes can only be identified using the root tolerance index parameter. However, the haematoxylin method is highly suitable for screening large segregating populations derived from improved germplasm that has been preselected for agronomically preferable traits, including plant vigour.     

麦类作物对小麦全蚀病菌抗病性的研究

用菌饼接种法研究了小麦、黑麦、小黑麦和燕麦苗期对小麦全蚀病菌的抗病性。结果表明，燕麦对小麦全蚀病菌病抗至免疫，黑麦和小黑麦中抗，小麦高感。供试麦类品种间抗病性有差异，燕麦品种晋６０２，晋６０６，晋５８５，新西兰１６免疫，其余品种高抗。黑麦品种中美国黑麦和法国黑麦，小黑麦品种中劲松５号抗病性均较强，小麦品种中陕２２９感病较轻。     

抗条锈小麦-非洲黑麦渐渗系的分子细胞学鉴定

非洲黑麦(Secale africanumStapf)具有矮杆、异花授粉、抗多种小麦病害等优异性状,在小麦可持续性抗病遗传育种中具有重要作用。利用分子细胞生物学的方法对小麦与非洲黑麦育成的渐渗系材料进行鉴定,发现了抗条锈病的新的代换系和易位系材料,为进一步在小麦染色体工程育种中开展非洲黑麦基因资源的利用提供很好的遗传材料。