Carbon cycling in subarctic tundra; seasonal variation in ecosystem partitioning based on in situ C pulse-labelling

Carbon assimilation and allocation were studied in a tundra ecosystem in northern Scandinavia. Seasonal variation in the below-ground carbon allocation to dissolved organic carbon (DOC), coarse-, fine-, and hair roots was investigated using in situ ¹⁴C pulse-labelling, adding 2-3 MBq ¹⁴CO₂ dm⁻² to the above-ground vegetation. Combining the allocation data with regression models of the seasonal carbon flux made it possible to estimate a temporally explicit ecosystem carbon allocation budget.The ecosystem was a net source of CO₂, losing on average 0.97 g C m⁻² d⁻¹ to the atmosphere, with little variation through the season. There was, however, significant temporal variation in partitioning of recently assimilated carbon. Allocation to below-ground compartments over 32 days following labelling increased from 18% in June to 55% in September. Above-ground allocation showed the opposite trend. Hair roots and DOC were strong sinks in the autumn. Transport of newly assimilated carbon occurred rapidly throughout the season, ¹⁴C appearing in all sampled pools within 4 h of labelling.The seasonal variation in carbon partitioning observed in this study has implications for the residence time of assimilated carbon in the ecosystem. A relatively greater allocation to rapidly decomposing pools, such as hair roots and DOC, would tend to reduce incorporation into woody tissue, increasing the overall rate of carbon cycling and decreasing ecosystem storage. The results of this study will be of value for building and validating mechanistic models of ecosystem carbon flow in tundra and subarctic ecosystems.     

Solvent-extractable lipids in an acid andic forest soil; variations with depth and season

Total lipid extracts from an acid andic soil profile located on Madeira Island (Portugal) were analysed using gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The profile was covered mainly by grass. Bulk soil characteristics determined included soil pH (H₂O) ranging from 4.5 to 4.0 and TOC, ranging from 84 to 30 g kg⁻¹. A decrease of the contribution of lipids per TOC with depth was observed. The absence of typical bacterial markers might be an indication for reduced bacterial activity, most likely related to the low soil pH and the presence of Al and Fe (oxides). The distribution observed in the top layer with a dominant C₂₆n-alkanol, steroids and triterpenoids, reflected mainly an input by grass leaves. A strong decrease in both relative and absolute concentration of these leaf-derived compounds was observed when comparing the litter layer with the mineral soil. The presence of C₂₂-C₃₂n-alkanoic acids, C₂₂-C₂₆ ω-hydroxy acids, C₃₁n-alkane and C₂₂-C₃₂n-alkanols observed in the sub-soil is indicative of an important contribution by (grass) roots. In summer, a signal most likely reflecting the leaching of microbially derived products from the litter and/or aerial vegetation at the surface was observed.     

Seasonal patterns of photochemical capacity and spring phenology reveal genetic differentiation among native Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) populations in Scotland

Environment-driven genetic differentiation among populations is a common feature among forest trees, and an understanding of how populations have adapted to their home site conditions is essential for management and conservation practices. In Scotland, 84 native Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) woodlands are recognised by the Forestry Commission and they occupy highly diverse environments from the maritime west coast to continental sites in eastern Scotland. However, it is not known whether adaptations to local environments along sharp temperature and rainfall gradients have occurred in different populations and as a result, the seed transfer guidelines of the species are based only on data from isozymes and monoterpenes. In this study of an outdoor common-garden trial, we used chlorophyll fluorescence to examine whether seedlings from 32 open-pollinated families and eight populations from sites experiencing contrasting annual temperature regimes differed in their response to variation in natural outdoor temperatures between September 2009 and May 2010. In addition, growth initiation in spring was recorded. Photochemical capacity at photosystem II F_v/F_m showed a distinct seasonal trend and remained at relatively high levels (∼0.7) until November. Following a period of over 2 weeks with temperatures below or close to 0 °C, F_v/F_m started decreasing towards its minimum values recorded in early March when population means varied between 0.35 and 0.45. By early May and along with rising temperatures, photochemical capacity had recovered to the same level as observed in early November. Populations were found to respond differently to the cold period starting in December. The largest drop in photochemical capacity was observed in seedlings from a low-altitude population located in the maritime western Scotland, while in seedlings from higher-altitude locations in the cooler eastern Scotland, the response was smaller. In March, the recovery of photochemical capacity was slowest in seedlings from the mildest and coolest sites. Evidence of adaptive genetic differentiation was also found in spring phenology. Initiation of shoot elongation and needle flush were earlier in families from higher altitudes (cooler areas), but population differences were not significant at the α = 0.05 level. These results suggest that adaptation to the spatially heterogeneous environment in Scotland has taken place in Scots pine and that in order to minimise the risk of planting maladapted seed stock, the patterns of environmental and adaptive genetic variation should be taken into account in the management of genetic resources in this species.     

Adaptability of birch (Betula pendula Roth) and aspen (Populus tremula L.) genotypes to different soil moisture conditions

For northern Europe’s climate, models predict an increase in periods of drought and waterlogging. Knowledge of variation between genotypes of Betula pendula (birch) and Populus tremula (aspen) to drought and excess soil moisture are unavailable but relevant for future development of forest ecosystems. We studied variation between genotypes to soil moisture in birch and aspen with plant material representing naturally regenerated populations and showed differences in acclimation to soil moisture conditions. Genotypes showing most growth and biomass accumulation across treatments maintained most leaf area, high gas exchange and water-use efficiency and grew most root mass but had the lowest root length per unit root dry mass compared to other genotypes. This indicates that these genotypes are more efficient in harvesting water from the soil under adverse conditions. We also showed that birch and aspen employ different strategies to cope with soil moisture conditions, with aspen investing more in perennial parts, while birch efficiently maintains foliar processes. When the expression of some known drought responsive genes was measured, only ACC oxidase was induced by the drought treatment at the beginning of the experiment, while surprisingly LEA5, RD22 and ADH1 did not respond to drought, but were up-regulated in prolonged wet conditions indicating oxidative stress and hypoxia and that these genes are responding to multiple stress factors. We conclude that in plants micro-propagated from naturally regenerated birch and aspen populations, there is variation between genotypes in acclimation efficiency to soil moisture conditions.     

2007-2008年江苏省稻瘟病菌遗传多样性

利用致病性测定及Pot2-rep-PCR技术对2007、2008年采集自江苏省五大稻区的稻瘟病菌株进行多样性分析,这2年的菌株被划分为10个小种和14个系谱,其中ZG1为优势小种,JSL5为优势系谱,研究结果表明:江苏稻瘟病菌具有丰富的多样性,但与1999 - 2002年的群体结构比较时发现,群体结构趋于简单;对病原菌...     

江西省降水集中期及其期间降水量的变化特征及趋势分析

根据江西省地方标准中有关降水集中期的定义,统计1971~2008年4~9月的降水集中期,并用季节性Kendall检验方法做趋势分析。结果表明,1971~2008年4~9月期间,6~8月是降水集中期及其期间雨量较多的月份,4、5、9月是降水集中期及其期间雨量较少的月份。随时间变化,全省6~8月降水集中期及其雨量呈可能增多趋势,4、5、9月呈可能下降趋势。     

烤烟田间生长过程中叶片主要品质指数的变化

对田间状况下烤烟下、中、上3个部位叶片生长发育过程中主要品质指数的变化进行了分析。结果表明:在烤烟田间生长发育过程中,随着烟叶部位的上升,叶片中氮/碱比值表现为“V”型变化;叶片还原糖/总糖比值表现为逐渐升高的变化规律;叶片钾/氯比值表现为“∧”型变化;不同烟叶部位之间氮/碱、还原糖/总糖、钾/氯比值的差异均不显著。随着叶龄的增大,叶片氮/碱比值呈现出下降并趋于稳定的变化规律,叶片还原糖/总糖比值和叶片钾/氯比值的变化无明显规律;不同叶龄之间氮/碱比值的差异极显著,而叶片还原糖/总糖比值、叶片钾/氯比值的差异均不显著。相关分析表明,叶龄与叶片氮/碱比值之间呈极显著负相关,而与叶片还原糖/总糖比值、叶片钾/氯比值之间呈不显著正相关;烟叶中钾/氯比值与氮/碱比值、还原糖/总糖比值之间相关性不显著,还原糖/总糖比值与氮/碱比值之间相关性也不显著。     

季节性淹水对长江滩地69杨木材材性及其变异的影响

以安微新洲滩地上生长的６９杨为材料,研究季节性淹水对６９杨木材材性及其变异的影响。结果表明,与未淹水相比,长江滩地季节性淹水对６９杨纤维形态特征影响不大,０．０５水平下方差分析检验不显著;对木材微纤丝角,木材密度,木材干缩率和力学性质影响较大,０．０５水平下方差分析检验显著,其中,微纤丝角,基本密度,抗弯弹性模量,抗 度和气干体积缩率分别增加了１５．６％,５．９％,１５．７５,１７．２％和２８．５     

反复通过寄主对水稻白叶枯病菌致病力和生化性状的影响

把致病力强弱不同的四株水稻白叶枯病菌反复接种在两个抗性不同的水稻品种上,测定比较了反复接种12代后的菌种和原始冻干菌株的致病力与若干生化性状。致病力弱的菌株经反复接种后致病能力增强,致病力强的菌株经反复接种后,致病力逐渐减弱;病菌的胞外粘多糖量和蛋白酶活性的变化趋势与致病力的变异相一致,但菌的生长速度和胞外纤维素酶活性的变异无明显规律。本文还讨论了寄主抗性的遗传背景对病菌变异的影响。     

The Sequence Variations of Intron-3 of the α-Amylase Gene in Adzuki Bean

This study describes variation of intron-3 of a-amylase gene from 156 breeds of adzuki beansusing SSCP(single-strand conformation polymorphism)analysis. Based on a-amylase gene structure and se-quence, A pair of PCR primers, F (CCTACATTCTAACACACCCT) and R (GCATATTGTGCCAGTACAAT)were designed to amplify intron-3 fragments of a-amylase gene. 14 variant types were detected, including 13,9, 10, 4 variant types in the wild, weed, locally cultivated and modern brought-up adzuki beans respectively,9, 8, 7 variant types of the wild adzuki beans from Japan, China and Korea respectively, and some other va-riant types in the local adzuki beans from China and Bhutan. 60 % of subjects of cultivated races were found tobe EE type in the experiment. In addition, sequence analysis of intron-3 of α-amylase gene from 8 varianttypes reveals the evolution process of various variant types in adzuki beans.